Final

Question 1

chromosome

Answer 1

DNA molecule with many proteins in a eukaryotic cell

Question 2

chromatid

Answer 2

when a DNA molecule duplicates itself, each duplicated segment is a sister chromatid attached at the centromere

Question 3

chromosome number (basic)

Answer 3

sum total of chromosomes in a cell

Question 4

gametes

Answer 4

sex cells (eggs and sperm)

Question 5

human chromosome number

Answer 5

diploid chromosome number is 46

Question 6

why is mitosis important?

Answer 6

so cells can reproduce and don’t die/ cos they cannot last forever

Question 7

mitosis

Answer 7

division of diploid somatic or body cells, asexual reproduction

Question 8

meiosis

Answer 8

division of haploid germ cells for gamete (sperm and egg) formation, sexual reproduction

Question 9

cell cycle

Answer 9

cycle starts when a new cell forms, during cycle, cell increases in mass and duplicate its chromosomes, cycle ends when new cell divides

Question 10

stages of interphase

Answer 10

G1: interval or gap after cell division when cell grows
S: DNA is duplicated
G2 Phase: cell prepares for cell division

Question 11

Details of Mitosis

Answer 11

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase 
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 12

Prophase

Answer 12

cytoskeleton begins to breakup, nuclear envelope starts to break up, each pair of centriole moves toward opposite pole of cell

Question 13

Metaphase

Answer 13

nuclear envelope completely disintegrates, microtubules attach to the 2 sister chromatids of each chromosome and start to pull, all chromosomes are lined up at equator

Question 14

anaphase

Answer 14

sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart, once separated-each chromosome moves to opposite pole.

Question 15

telophase

Answer 15

2 nuclear membranes form, 1 around each set of chromosomes

Question 16

cytokinesis

Answer 16

2 daughter cells, each with same chromosome number as parent cell

Question 17

asexual reproduction

Answer 17

single parent produces offspring, all offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent

Question 18

sexual reproduction

Answer 18

involves meiosis, gamete production, fertilization, produces genetic variation among offspring

Question 19

chromosome number (deeper definition)

Answer 19

sum total of chromosomes in a cell, germ cells are diploid, gametes are haploid, meiosis halves chromosome number

Question 20

gamete formation

Answer 20

gametes are sex cells, arise form germ cells

Question 21

crossing over

Answer 21

each chromosome becomes zippered to its homologue, all 4 chromatids are closely aligned, non-sister chromosomes exchange segments

Question 22

genes

Answer 22

units of info about specific traits, specific segment that does for specific trait, passed from parent to offspring

Question 23

alleles

Answer 23

different molecular forms of a gene, ex: eye color

Question 24

allele combinations

Answer 24

homozygous: having 2 identical alleles at a locus AA
heterozygous: having 2 different alleles at a locus Aa

Question 25

Genotype

Answer 25

refers to particular genes an individual carries

Question 26

phenotype

Answer 26

refers to individual's observable traits

Question 27

Gregor Mendel

Answer 27

used pea plants to breed, found indirect but observable evidence of how parents transmit genes to offspring

Question 28

phenotype ratio/ genotype ratio

Answer 28

phenotype: pink, white genotype: 2 Aa, aa

Question 29

Mendel's Theory of Segregation

Answer 29

an individual inherits a unit of info (allele) about a trait from each parent, during gamete formation (meiosis) the alleles segregate from each other

Question 30

Dihybrid cross

Answer 30

experimental cross between individuals that are homozygous for different versions of 2 traits

Question 31

Mendel's Theory of Independent Assortment

Answer 31

Mendel concluded that the 2 units for 1st trait were to be assorted into gametes independently of the 2 units for other trait, members of each pair of homologous chromosomes are sorted into gametes at random during meiosis

Question 32

karyotyping

Answer 32

take chromosomes and pair them based on size

Question 33

galactosemia

Answer 33

newborn babies unable to digest milk

Question 34

progeria

Answer 34

rapid aging due to mutated gene

Question 35

nondisjunction

Answer 35

where mistakes happen

Question 36

aneuploidy

Answer 36

individuals have 1 extra or less chromosome, major cause of miscarriages

Question 37

polyploidy

Answer 37

individuals have 3 or more of each type of chromosome

Question 38

amniocentisis

Answer 38

analyze how many chromosomes the child will have by getting sample from pregnant mom (determine sex)

Question 39

Nucleotides

Answer 39

- 5-carbon sugar-either ribose or deoxyribose - phosphate group - nitrogen-containing base

Question 40

How do proteins form?

Answer 40

requires 3 types of RNA molecules and 2 processes

Question 41

transcription

Answer 41

part of 1 DNA strand unwinds and used as template, enzyme RNA polymerase adds free nucleotides using DNA as a template, single strand of RNA-transcript- is formed

Question 42

translation

Answer 42

messenger RNA (mRNA) with DNA protein building info leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome in cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) translates the info to make polypeptide chains

Question 43

transgenic

Answer 43

take genes from other plants and put into new organism

Question 44

Human genome project

Answer 44

private companies announced they would sequence and patent human genome, President Clinton and Tony Blair announced that human genome could not be patented.

Question 45

genomics

Answer 45

study of genomes structural genomics: determines 3-dimensional structure of proteins encoded by genome comparative genomics: compares genomes of different species to determine evolutionary relations comparing similarities and differences mouse and humans: 78% identical banana and humans: 50% identical

Question 46

Genetic engineering

Answer 46

lab process by which deliberate changes are introduced into an individual's genome ex: bacteria used in producing a) human insulin b) digesting toxic wastes