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Sociology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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0
Q

What are the dimensions of privilege?

A

wealth, social power, social status/prestige

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1
Q

Stratification

A

Perpetuation of privilege across generations

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2
Q

Wealth

A

Value of everything you own

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3
Q

Income

A

What you make

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4
Q

Social power

A

Ability of groups to influence things

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5
Q

Why don’t those with less just take more?

A

Coercion (army)

Ideology of inequality making it “fair” (more stable)

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6
Q

Ideology

A

Belief system that supports the status quo

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7
Q

Inequality

A

Unequal shares; mathematical judgement

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8
Q

Inequity

A

Unfair shares; social judgement

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9
Q

Why does inequality exist? Functionalist theory

A

Serves purpose; some activists more important/need more skill; upper class needed for cohesion; inequality motivates people

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10
Q

Problems with functionalist theory of inequality

A

Doesn’t address intergenerational/privilege or how much inequality is necessary and ignores negative effects

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11
Q

Power theories of inequality

A

Competition and conflict- power elites shape an inequality society in their favor

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12
Q

What are the systems of inequality?

A

Estate- land ownership
Caste- born into
Clan- families have privilege
Social class- individual capitalism; mobility varies

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13
Q

Marx theory

A

Workers relationship to means of production in a transition from feudalism to capitalism

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14
Q

Weber’s critique of Marx

A

Too much emphasis on economics and wealth; too little emphasis on social prestige and power (MLK)
3 dimensions: class, status, power

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15
Q

Global stratification

A

Capitalist world order since 1600 but increases now because of development dependence and neocolonialism

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16
Q

Ways to measure social class

A

Subjective- ask people where they belong
Reputational- what family is most prominent
Objective- measure income, education, etc

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17
Q

Marxian social class scheme

A

Based on ownership not wealth

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18
Q

Erik wrights elaboration of Marx

A

Capitalists
Pretty bourgeousie
Managers
Proletariat

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19
Q

Dennis Gilbert & Joseph Kahl

A 
Capitalist (old money, new money)
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Working class
Working poor
Underclass
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20
Q

Lifestyle

A

Quality of life (car, school, food)

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21
Q

Life chances

A

Probability of child death, life expectancy, etc

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22
Q

Poverty line

A

Amount of money needed for basic needs (food x 3)

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23
Q

American ideology of poverty vs reality

A

Rags to riches & unlimited opportunity; meritocracy

Reality: limited mobility, increased inequality, decreasing middle class & discrimination

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24
Why was there no sense of impoverishment?
Credit card debt; $179 in 1968, $9099 in 2012; forestalls the notion of a bad economy
25
Causes of poverty
Demand-side: strength of economy, globalization, wage levels, technology substitutes Supply side: family structure, individual decisions, skill mismatch, culture of poverty
26
Culture of poverty
People like being poor, absence of work value, stay in impoverished area, too many kids
27
Life course
Connection between people's personal attributes, roles, life events and the social/historical aspects
28
Age is what type of status?
Transitional
29
Birth cohorts
Born in same group of years with similar historical effects
30
Stages of life course
Infancy- dependency Childhood- initial identity Adolescence- new in history, form identify, ambiguous/delayed now Adulthood- new roles/expectations; completion now takes longer Old age- relative
31
Anticipatory socialization
Learning new roles you expect to enter
32
Death trajectories
Crash and burn or slow and painful
33
Why is society aging?
Riding survival rates lead to longevity | Declining fertility rates
34
Effects of an aging population
Stress on medical institutions Stress on insurance Declining consumer spending Expanding death industry
35
Age stereotypes
Preconceived judgments about what different age groups are like
36
Age prejudice
Negative attitude about an age generalized to the whole group
37
Age discrimination
Different and unequal treatment based on age
38
Ageism
Institutionalized age prejudice and discrimination (resource distribution, devalued, care inadequate)
39
Sex
Biological identity
40
Gender
Socially learned- system creates categories
41
Biological determinism
Attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics (men aggressive because testosterone)
42
Intersexed
Irregularities in chromosome formation leads to mixed sexual characteristics
43
Transgender
Live as different gender
44
Gender socialization
Learn expectations associated with a gender
45
Gender identiy
Ones definition as a man or woman
46
Sources of gender socialization
Parents, peers, play, schools, religion, media
47
Prices of gender conformity
Violence against women, body image issues, men can't have emotion
48
Gendered institutions
Structure social institutions- expectations, relationships, etc
49
Gender stratification
Hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender
50
Where is gender inequality found?
Healthcare In the home- women do more work In the workplace- less access to jobs, mobility, wages In school- stem pathway for men
51
Why is there an income gap?
Human capital theory- result of individual characteristics; women have weak attachment to labor force and invest less time because of children Discrimination- restricts women, unequal pay for equal work, glass ceiling Dual labor market- more women in informal sector Gender segregation- different occupational categories
52
Minority group
Unequal treatment, identifying characteristics, primarily ascribed, group consciousness
53
Dominant group
Assigns minority group
54
Endogamy
Marriage within minority group
55
Ethnic group
Social category of people who share a common culture and develops because of unique historical and social experiences
56
Race
Socially constructed group treated differently because of certain characteristics
57
Racialization
Social category takes on racial characteristics (Jews)
58
Racial formation
Process by which group is defined as a race
59
Societal reactions to minority group
``` Extermination Expulsion Segregation Assimilation Fusion ```
60
Prejudice
An attribute, evaluation of a social group based on conceptions held
61
Discrimination
A behavior; overt negative and unequal treatment (residential segregation, digital racial divide)
62
Racism
Institutionalized treatment of group as inferior and superior life chances/life styles for dominant group
63
Racist
Believes in racism
64
Bigot
Strong negative feelings to different race
65
Old fashioned racism
Overt
66
Aversive racism
Subtle
67
Laissez-faire (symbolic) racism
Subtle but persistent; media, blame, resist meaningful policies
68
Color blind racism
Ignore race, hides white privilege- not actually a level playing field
69
Mertons table
Non-prejudice, non discriminatory= all weather liberal Prejudice, non discriminatory= timid bigot Non-prejudice, discriminatory= reluctant liberal Prejudice, discriminatory= all weather bigot
70
Reasons for discrimination
Economic gain (slave trade) Social status gain Psychological gain (scapegoat) Authoritarian personality- oversimplifies minorities
71
Social ideologies to reduce discrimination
``` Functionalist-must assimilate to culture Symbolic interaction- contact theory- equal and sustained interactions will reduce prejudice Conflict theory- class conflict is inherent- reduce that to reduce racial conflict ```
72
De jure
By law
73
De facto
By custom

Sociology (3 decks)

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