Test 2 Flashcards
0
Q
External reproductive structures of the male include:
A
penis and scrotum
1
Q
Internal reproductive structures of the male include:
A
testes, ductus or vas deferens, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands
2
Q
Structures enclosed by the scrotal sac:
A
testes, epididymides, spermatic cords, and part of the ductus deferens
3
Q
Testes:
A
primary male sex glands, paired and found within the male scrotum
4
Q
Seminiferous tubules:
A
sperm cell formation, create fluid for ejaculate
5
Q
The scrotum is 3 degrees cooler than the normal body temperature and will either
A
sag or rise to maintain temperature
6
Q
Spermatozoa is produced in:
A
seminiferous tubules
7
Q
Spermatozoa matures in:
A
epididymis as a product of meiosis
8
Q
Spermatozoa contain:
A
head, body/mid piece, tail
9
Q
Epididymis:
A
oblong structure attached to superior and laterosuperior aspects of the testes whose function is storage and maturation of sperm cells
10
Q
Vas deferens aka:
A
ductus deferens
11
Q
The male reproductive ducts include:
A
vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra
12
Q
The ductus deferens (aka vas deferens) is:
A
16-18” long and extends from the tail of the epididymis to posteroinferior surface of the urinary bladder
13
Q
Ampulla:
A
expanded end of the ductus deferens that serves as a reservoir for seminal fluid and unites with seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct
14
Q
Ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the:
A
vas deferens and duct of the seminal vesicle, averages 1/2” long, originates behind neck of bladder and enter the base of prostate
15
Q
Seminal vesicles is approximately
A
2” long and situated obliquely on lateroposterior surface of bladder and functions to add fluid volume to ejaculate
16
Q
Bulbourethral glands aka
A
Cowper’s glands
17
Q
Bulbourethral glands secrete fluid into
A
urethra just prior to ejaculation (pre cum) and lubricate urethra
18
Q
Prostate:
A
accessory genital organ averaging 1.25” long and encircles proximal portion of uretha and lies anterior to rectal ampulla
19
Q
The prostate function is to
A
produce fluid to give volume to ejaculate
20
Q
Male semen:
A
roughly 3-5ml of ejaculate, each ml contains 100 million sperm cells
21
Q
Functions of male penis:
A
convey urine (urethra), penetration of female (erectile tissue), passage of semen (urethra)
22
Q
Erectile tissue:
A
spongy tissue of penis which engorges with blood to form an erection
23
Q
Corpus cavernosum (2):
A
penile erectile tissue
24
Corpus spongiosum (1):
surrounds the urethra
25
Glans penis aka:
penile tip
26
Prepuce aka:
foreskin
27
Internal structures of the female reproductive system consist of:
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
28
Ovaries:
primary female sex glands which produce two hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
29
Estrogen:
produced by developing ovarian follicles responsible for female characteristics, "preparation" for pregnancy
30
Progesterone:
produced by the corpus luteum, "preparation" for menstruation
31
Ovaries:
two small glandular, almond shaped organs located on each side near the lateral wall of the pelvis
32
the internal secretion of the ovaries:
controls menstrual cycle
33
The external secretion of the ovaries is:
the ova, the female reproductive cell
34
Medulla:
core of vascular tissue
35
Cortex:
outer glandular tissue containing ovarian follicles
36
Each follicle contains:
one ovum
37
Graafian follicle:
fully developed ovarian follicle
38
Ovulation:
extrusion of an ovum by rupture of a follicle
39
Uterus:
pear shaped muscular organ situated in the central part of pelvic cavity posterior to urinary bladder and anterior to rectal ampulla
40
The nulliparous uterus is:
about 3" long
41
Nulliparity:
condition of having borne no children (woman)
42
The female uterus contains four parts:
Fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix
43
Fundus:
blunt, rounded superior portion of uterus
44
Body of uterus:
narrows from the Fundus to the isthmus
45
Isthmus:
superior part of the cervix; constricted area between the body and cervix
46
Cervix:
cylindric vaginal end of the uterus
47
Fornix:
cuff like area surrounding the cervix
48
The uterine cavity is triangular shaped
when viewed in the frontal plane
49
Endometrium:
inner mucosal lining of uterine cavity
50
Functions of the uterus:
receive and retain fertilized ovum until fetal development is complete, and expel mature fetus during birth
51
Uterine tubes aka:
Fallopian tubes
52
The uterine tubes collect the
ova released by the ovaries and convey it to the uterine cavity, approximately 3-5" long
53
Each uterine tube is divided into three parts:
isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum
54
Isthmus of uterine tube:
short segment near uterus
55
Ampulla of uterine tube:
majority of tube
56
Infundibulum:
terminal, lateral portion or uterine tube, flared in appearance which ends in a series of irregular prolonged processes called fimbriae which "sweep" ova into tube
57
Zygote:
a fertilized egg
58
Female external genitalia:
clitoris, labia, bartholins glands
59
@@@
| Clitoris:
sensitive external female generalized containing erectile tissue
60
Labia:
"lips" of female external genitalia containing major labia and minor labia
61
Bartholins glands:
provide lubircating fluid for female genitalia located on either side of vaginal opening
62
Menstrual cycle:
oocytes develops withing ovarian follicle, as follicle grows it produces estrogen, follicle matures (graafian follicle), follicle ruptures (ovulation), oocyte is expelled into peritoneum, follicle now called corpus luteum, corpus luteum slowly breaks down, as it breaks down it produces progesterone
63
Breast anatomy:
lobular, glandular structures located in the superficial fascia of the anterolateral wall of the thorax which vary considerably in size and shape
64
Female breasts are
secondary sex characteristics
65
Breasts and mammary glands are
synonymous
66
Breasts are usually
cone shaped with the base overlying the pectorals major and serratus anterior muscles
67
The Axillary tail of the breast
extends upper, lateral base to the Axillary fossa
68
Coopers ligaments
support breasts
69
There are 15-20 lobes
in the adult female breast
70
Each lobe of the breast is divided into
many lobules which are the basic structural unit of the breast
71
Lobules of the breasts include:
several acini, draining ducts, and inter lobule stromatolites (connective tissue)
72
involution:
the normal process of decreasing lobule size (breast) with age and after pregnancy
73
Acini:
glandular elements of breast lobules
74
Lactiferous ductules are formed by:
the openings of each acini
75
Lymphatic vessels of breast drain into two sets of nodes:
the axillary lymph nodes laterally and the internal mammary lymph nodes medially
76
Axillary nodes are often evaluated on:
mammograms
77
Glandular tissue:
increases during pregnancy and lactation, decreases postpartum and with age
78
Connective tissue:
dense and casts homogenous shadow, the primary component of postpubertal adolescent breast
79
Fatty tissue:
replaces glandular tissue after lactation and advancing age, increases natural radiograohic contrast
80
Nonpregnant female radiographic procedures:
HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY (hsg), pelvic pneumonography, vaginography
81
Pregnant female radiographic procedures:
FETOGRAPHY, PELVIMETRY, fetal cephalometry
82
Male radiographic procedures:
seminal ducts (vesiculography, epididymography), prostatography, cavernosogram
83
Nongravid
not pregnant
84
Nulliparity -
having never borne a child
85
Bicornuate uterus -
The most common congenital anomaly of the female reproductive system where the uterus is divided into a pair of “horns" which are linked to its own fallopian tube (2 ovaries, 1 cervix, 1 vagina)
86
Unicornuate uterus -
a single elongated uterine cavity with a single Fallopian tube which can have 1 or 2 ovaries, 1 cervix, and 1 vagina; usually asymptomatic
87
Uterus didelphys -
very rare anomaly with a complete duplication of uterus, cervix, vagina (one vagina is usually larger than the other)
88
Anteverted uterus -
where the uterus is tilted forward towards the bladder, common in approximately 75% of women
89
Mastitis -
Inflammation of the breast, usually bacterial, most commonly caused by staph, and commonly occurs with breast feeding, signs include pain, redness, swelling, temperature, abscess formation, treatment is antibiotics
90
Follicular ovarian cyst -
a type of functional[ simple cyst, and is the most common type of ovarian cyst which can form when ovulation doesn't occur, and a follicle doesn't rupture or release its egg but instead grows until it becomes a cyst
91
Corpus luteum cyst -
a type of ovarian cyst which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely. may contain blood and other fluids; the physical shape may appear as an enlargement of the ovary itself, rather than a distinct mass -like growth on the surface of the ovary.
92
Endometriosis -
hormonal and immune system disease in which cells similar to that which line the uterus (endometrium) grow outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the peritoneum. Common symptoms are pain and infertility. The pain often is worse with the menstrual cycle and is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea.
93
Polycystic ovaries -
Enlarged ovaries with small cysts. Can cause endocrina abnormalities and can result in amennorhea and or sterility
94
Dermoid cyst/cystic teratoma -
benign neoplasm which arise from unfertilized ova and can contain hair, teeth, thyroid tissue, and sebaceous secretions. Have to be surgically removed
95
Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary -
a malignant form of a cystic adenoma developed in the ovary(s), the most common malignant ovarian tumor
96
Cervical carcinoma -
cancer arising from the cervix, due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body. HPV seems to be the cause of over 90% of cases
97
Cervical dysplasia -
abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. HPV infection is the cause of these changes
98
Leiomyoma/Uterine fibroid -
benign tumors that arise from the overgrowth of smooth muscle and connective tissue in the uterus
99
Endometrial carcinoma -
most common gynecological malignancy, frequently present with vaginal bleeding
100
Fibroadenoma -
fibrous non cancerous breast tumors that occur most often in adolescent girls and women under age 30. A firm, smooth, rubbery growth, or hard lump with well defined shape
101
Fibrocystic breasts -
breasts that are lumpy in one or both, can be tender or painful, a very common benign condition mainly affecting women over age 30
102
Breast carcinoma -
cancer that forms in the tissue of the breast, most common type is ductal carcinoma which begins in the lining of the milk ducts
103
Oligohydramnios -
too little amniotic fluid present, fetus swallows amniotic fluid - normal, fetal urination after kidneys develop – normal, adds to amniotic volume, too little fluid = fetal urinary anomalies
104
Polyhydramnios -
too much amniotic fluid present, fetus is unable to swallow fluid, Anencephaly or gastrointestinal obstruction, an indicator of fetal distress or fetal death
105
Ectopic pregnancy -
Development of embryo outside of uterus, most commonly seen in fallopian tube, aka tubal pregnancy, fetus cannot survive, risk of rupture and hemorrhage
106
Placenta previa -
a problem in which the placenta grows in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening of the cervix
107
Placental abruption -
a complication in pregnancy where the placental lining has been separated from the uterus of the mother prior to delivery
108
Placenta percreta -
a condition in which the placenta invades the uterine wall and can cause an incomplete rupture of the uterus
109
Hydatidiform mole -
a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of a pregnancy
110
Cryptorchism -
failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotom
111
Erectile dysfunction -
the inability of a man to have an erection hard enough to have sexual intercourse
112
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) -
enlarged prostate usually idiopathic in men age 50+, not a cancer
113
TURP –
transurethral resection of prostate - a type of prostate surgery done to relieve moderate to severe urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate
114
Prostatic calculi -
small stones in the prostate gland which do not cause symptoms
115
Prostatic adenocarcinoma -
prostate cancer starting in the prostate gland and can spread if not treated early, is second to skin cancer as the most common form of cancer in men
116
Cryptorchism -
the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum, the most common birth defect of the male genetalia
117
Orchitis -
inflammation of the testicles, usually bacterial and bilateral, treated with antibiotics
118
Hydrocele/Spermatocele -
pathological accumulation of serous fluid, a benign cystic accumulation of sperm that arises from the head of the epididymis
119
Testicular seminoma -
the most common testicular tumors accounting for approximately 45% of all primary testicular tumors
120
Testicular teratoma -
type of germ cell testicular tumor that may include mature elements such as hair, muscle, and bone. May be benign or malignant
121
Testicular embryonal carcinoma -
relatively uncommon type of germ cell tumor occurring in the testes, average age at diagnosis is 31 years and is usually in the form of a testicular lump
122
Testicular choriocarcinoma -
rare, germ cell testicular tumor/cancer in adult males, has the worst prognosis of all germ cell cancers
123
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Bacterial infection of female reproductive system, Specifically uterine tubes, Usually bilateral
Common pathogens: gonorrhea, staph, strep
Treated with antibiotics
124
Placenta
Temporary organ of pregnancy
| Exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste
125
Brachytherapy
Insertion of radioactive “seeds” (prostate and breast)
| –Iodine 125, Palladium 103
126
Nongravid
not pregnant
127
Nulliparity -
having never borne a child
128
Bicornuate uterus -
The most common congenital anomaly of the female reproductive system where the uterus is divided into a pair of “horns" which are linked to its own fallopian tube (2 ovaries, 1 cervix, 1 vagina)
129
Unicornuate uterus -
a single elongated uterine cavity with a single Fallopian tube which can have 1 or 2 ovaries, 1 cervix, and 1 vagina; usually asymptomatic
130
Uterus didelphys -
very rare anomaly with a complete duplication of uterus, cervix, vagina (one vagina is usually larger than the other)
131
Anteverted uterus -
where the uterus is tilted forward towards the bladder, common in approximately 75% of women
132
Mastitis -
Inflammation of the breast, usually bacterial, most commonly caused by staph, and commonly occurs with breast feeding, signs include pain, redness, swelling, temperature, abscess formation, treatment is antibiotics
133
Follicular ovarian cyst -
a type of functional[ simple cyst, and is the most common type of ovarian cyst which can form when ovulation doesn't occur, and a follicle doesn't rupture or release its egg but instead grows until it becomes a cyst
134
Corpus luteum cyst -
a type of ovarian cyst which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely. may contain blood and other fluids; the physical shape may appear as an enlargement of the ovary itself, rather than a distinct mass -like growth on the surface of the ovary.
135
Endometriosis -
hormonal and immune system disease in which cells similar to that which line the uterus (endometrium) grow outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the peritoneum. Common symptoms are pain and infertility. The pain often is worse with the menstrual cycle and is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea.
136
Polycystic ovaries -
Enlarged ovaries with small cysts. Can cause endocrina abnormalities and can result in amennorhea and or sterility
137
Dermoid cyst/cystic teratoma -
benign neoplasm which arise from unfertilized ova and can contain hair, teeth, thyroid tissue, and sebaceous secretions. Have to be surgically removed
138
Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary -
a malignant form of a cystic adenoma developed in the ovary(s), the most common malignant ovarian tumor
139
Cervical carcinoma -
cancer arising from the cervix, due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body. HPV seems to be the cause of over 90% of cases
140
Cervical dysplasia -
abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. HPV infection is the cause of these changes
141
Leiomyoma/Uterine fibroid -
benign tumors that arise from the overgrowth of smooth muscle and connective tissue in the uterus
142
Endometrial carcinoma -
most common gynecological malignancy, frequently present with vaginal bleeding
143
Fibroadenoma -
fibrous non cancerous breast tumors that occur most often in adolescent girls and women under age 30. A firm, smooth, rubbery growth, or hard lump with well defined shape
144
Fibrocystic breasts -
breasts that are lumpy in one or both, can be tender or painful, a very common benign condition mainly affecting women over age 30
145
Breast carcinoma -
cancer that forms in the tissue of the breast, most common type is ductal carcinoma which begins in the lining of the milk ducts
146
Oligohydramnios -
too little amniotic fluid present, fetus swallows amniotic fluid - normal, fetal urination after kidneys develop – normal, adds to amniotic volume, too little fluid = fetal urinary anomalies
147
Polyhydramnios -
too much amniotic fluid present, fetus is unable to swallow fluid, Anencephaly or gastrointestinal obstruction, an indicator of fetal distress or fetal death
148
Ectopic pregnancy -
Development of embryo outside of uterus, most commonly seen in fallopian tube, aka tubal pregnancy, fetus cannot survive, risk of rupture and hemorrhage
149
Placenta previa -
a problem in which the placenta grows in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening of the cervix
150
Placental abruption -
a complication in pregnancy where the placental lining has been separated from the uterus of the mother prior to delivery
151
Placenta percreta -
a condition in which the placenta invades the uterine wall and can cause an incomplete rupture of the uterus
152
Hydatidiform mole -
a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of a pregnancy
153
Cryptorchism -
failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotom
154
Erectile dysfunction -
the inability of a man to have an erection hard enough to have sexual intercourse
155
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) -
enlarged prostate usually idiopathic in men age 50+, not a cancer
156
TURP –
transurethral resection of prostate - a type of prostate surgery done to relieve moderate to severe urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate
157
Prostatic calculi -
small stones in the prostate gland which do not cause symptoms
158
Prostatic adenocarcinoma -
prostate cancer starting in the prostate gland and can spread if not treated early, is second to skin cancer as the most common form of cancer in men
159
Cryptorchism -
the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum, the most common birth defect of the male genetalia
160
Orchitis -
inflammation of the testicles, usually bacterial and bilateral, treated with antibiotics
161
Hydrocele/Spermatocele -
pathological accumulation of serous fluid, a benign cystic accumulation of sperm that arises from the head of the epididymis
162
Testicular seminoma -
the most common testicular tumors accounting for approximately 45% of all primary testicular tumors
163
Testicular teratoma -
type of germ cell testicular tumor that may include mature elements such as hair, muscle, and bone. May be benign or malignant
164
Testicular embryonal carcinoma -
relatively uncommon type of germ cell tumor occurring in the testes, average age at diagnosis is 31 years and is usually in the form of a testicular lump
165
Testicular choriocarcinoma -
rare, germ cell testicular tumor/cancer in adult males, has the worst prognosis of all germ cell cancers
166
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Bacterial infection of female reproductive system, Specifically uterine tubes, Usually bilateral
Common pathogens: gonorrhea, staph, strep
Treated with antibiotics
167
Placenta
Temporary organ of pregnancy
| Exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste
168
Brachytherapy
Insertion of radioactive “seeds” (prostate and breast)
| –Iodine 125, Palladium 103
169
Testicular torsion
Torsion means “to twist”
Twisting of the spermatic cord within scrotum
Often the result of trauma
