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SEM V - Rad Pathology II > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Phosphor -

A

Europium barium fluorohalide crystals

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1
Q

PSP/IP - Photostimulable Phosphor/Image Plate -

A

plate used in CR in place of film

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2
Q

Anti-halo/Reflective -

A

Prevents laser light from penetrating; Allow reflected light from the phosphor to pass through.

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3
Q

Conductive -

A

Removes static electricity

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4
Q

Base -

A

PET - polyethylene terephthalate

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5
Q

Backing -

A

Protects base from handling damage, contains bar code label on IR

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6
Q

Europium Barium Fluorohalide -

A

X-ray energy enters these molecules, that energy is absorbed by the molecules

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7
Q

F-centers -

A

Electrons elevated out of their normal orbital rings into higher orbitals.

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8
Q

Fading -

A

The process of image weakening from latent image being stored on a cassette and not processed immediately.

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9
Q

Readout -

A

Scan of phosphor plate with helium-neon laser light and reads the latent image from the phosphor.

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10
Q

Raster -

A

A side to side pattern a laser uses to obtain an image.

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11
Q

Helium-Neon laser - (HeNe) -

A

Type of laser light used to read the latent image from the phosphor

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12
Q

Latent image -

A

the image held in the chemical code

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13
Q

Digitizing -

A

the process of translating an analog image into a binary code

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14
Q

Binary Code -

A

numerical code of digits 1 & 0’s that computers can see, process, and transfer information

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15
Q

QDE - Quantum Detection Efficiency -

A

measures the efficiency of a CR system to convert remnant radiation into useful image signals

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16
Q

Contrast resolution -

A

the ability to distinguish adjacent structures that have similar densities

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17
Q

Exposure Indicators -

A

the amount of radiation received by the cr imaging plate

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18
Q

Fuji - (the “s” number) -

A

the exposure indicator for Fuji brand

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19
Q

Fuji - Expectation range

A

180-220

​

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20
Q

Fuji - Perfect Exposure Indicator

A

200

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21
Q

Fuji - Direct or Indirect relationship to dose -

A

indirect

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22
Q

Kodak - (the “EI” number) -

A

exposure indicator number for Kodak

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23
Q

Kodak - Expectation range:

A

1950-2050

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24
Q

Kodak Perfect Exposure Indicator:

A

2000

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25
Q

Kodak Direct or Indirect relationship to dose:

A

direct relationship

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26
Q

Agfa - (the “LGM” number) -

A

The Agfa CR exposure indicator

27
Q

Agfa Expectation range:

A

1.9-2.5 LGM

28
Q

Agfa Perfect Exposure Indicator:

A

2.2 LGM

29
Q

Agfa Direct or Indirect relationship to dose -

A

direct relationship

30
Q

Quantum mottle -

A

Noise

Too few X-rays in the beam to adequately form an image

31
Q

Analog -

A

A device or system that represents information as continuously variable physical quantities.
Like a mechanical watch.
X-ray film is analog.

32
Q

Digital -

A

Device or system that represents information as continuously variable numerical values.
Like a digital watch.
CR & DR are digital.

33
Q

FPD - Flat Panel Detector (DR Imaging Plate) -

A

Takes the place of cassettes and readers; 3 different types:
Tethered (w/cord)
Fixed (mounted in Bucky)
Wireless (uses radio signal sent from FPD to base)

34
Q

Capture element -

A

Remnant X-ray energy is captured.
Indirect DR - amorphous Sillicon
- converts X-ray to visible light

35
Q

Coupling element -

A

Transfers X-ray generated signal to collection element
Indirect DR - amorphous silicon
- light sent to photoconductive material

36
Q

Collection element -

A

Collects photons or electrons to be quantified - assigned a digital value

37
Q

Indirect DR -TFT -

A

electrons from photoconductive material collected by TFT

38
Q

Algorithm -

A

A finite sequence of instructions, an explicit step by step procedure for solving a problem, often used for calculation and data processing. A computers mathematical “recipe”, not one size fits all

39
Q

Sampling -

A

The process used to digitize the spatial information in an image, typically achieved by dividing an image into a square or rectanglar array of sampling points.

40
Q

Spatial resolution -

A

The ability to see really small structures, the field of view, matrix size

41
Q

Pixel size -

A

Measured from side to side of the pixel, a less accurate measure, does not account for dead zones

42
Q

Pixel pitch -

A

Measures center of pixel to center of other; takes into consideration dead zones, a more accurate assessment.

43
Q

Pixel density -

A 
the number of pixels per given area
#/mm
44
Q

Cesium Iodide -

A

the scintillating phosphor material used in medical imaging specifically for the needle like crystals

45
Q

Why Cesium Iodide?? -

A

needle like crystals

46
Q

Amorphous -

A

having no shape or organization

47
Q

Indirect Conversion Flat Panel Detectors -

A

Detector that uses thin layers of amorphous silicon with an array of photodiodes - coated w/Photostimulable phosphor that emits light - converted to an electrical charge, signal sent to ADC to convert to digital signal.

48
Q

Amorphous Silicon - (a-Si) -

A

Phosphor material - emits light when stimulated

49
Q

Direct Conversion Flat Panel Detectors -

A

Uses a amorphous selenium coated TFT that directly converts X-ray to electrical signals. Absorbs remnant radiation in the selenium layers that are collected by capacitors, then sent to the ADC to convert to digital.

50
Q

Amorphous Selenium - (a-Se) -

A

Absorbs X-ray - converts directly to electrons (no light divergence)

51
Q

TFT - Thin Film Transistor -

A

Collect electric charges, positioned in a matrix, detects charges on a pixel by pixel basis.
Capable of very high spatial resolution (greater than 20lp/mm)

52
Q

AMA - Active Matrix Array -

A

Amorphous silicon, capacitor, and TFT assembly

53
Q

DEL - Detector Element -

A

Small square capable of recording a certain number of electrons.
The smallest possible dot of information.

54
Q

Capacitor -

A

Temporarily collects electrical signal

55
Q

Matrix -

A

The layout of cells in rows and columns containing pixels/voxels. The larger the matrix, the better the resolution.

56
Q

Hounsfeld Units/CT Numbers -

A

a quantitive scale for describing radio density calculated by comparing the linear attenuation coefficient of each pixel

57
Q

Dot/Matrix image -

A

A 2 dimensional patterned array, used to represent characters, symbols and images

58
Q

LP/mm - Line Pairs per Millimeter -

A

The measure of image sharpness. The ability of the human eye to see the number of high contrast pairs of lines appearing in the space of a single mm.

59
Q

Pixel -

A

the smallest component of a picture, 2 dimensional - length x width.
Each pixel corresponds to a shade of gray.

60
Q

Voxel -

A

3 dimensional, volume element (CT scan) each voxel corresponds to a shade of gray representing a volume within a patient.

61
Q

Dynamic Range/Bit range/Bit Depth/Pixel Depth -

A

The range of gray shades that can be assigned to a pixel, the higher the range, the more gray shades available to display the image.

62
Q

Scintillation -

A

xray photons are converted to light within the flat panel detector by a layer of cesium iodide amorphous silicon

63
Q

The divergent properties of light -

A

Spreads out across all directions.

64
Q

The goal of ALL digital imaging systems is to convert x-ray energy into electron energy. Why?

A

Because electrons can be counted, either individually or as a sum negative charge. Counting something allows you to assign it a digital value. Computers can store information held as numbers (digital information held in a binary code), but they cannot store analog information.

SEM V - Rad Pathology II (7 decks)

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