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Intro. to Psychology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Any event or object in the enviroment to which an organism responds is_________

A

DOnt know

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2
Q

Ivan Pavlov, a noble prize winning physiologist, studied which of the following phenomena?

a) maturation
b) animial cognition
c) operant conditioning
d) classical conditioning

A

D

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3
Q

Little Tammy is firghtened by thunder and cries when she hears it. During a season of frequent electrical storms, thunder is always preceeded by lightning. Now tammy cries as soon as she sees lightning. In this example, the conditioned response is:

a) thunder
b) lightning
c) crying at the sound of thunder
d) crying at the sound of lightning

A

C

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4
Q

A puff of air on the surface of your eye will make you blink reflexively. If you hear a buzzer repeatedly just before air is puffed into your eye, eventually you will blink as soon as you hear the buzzer. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:

a) eyeblink response to the buzzer
b) buzzer
c) puff of air
d) eyeblink response to the puff of air

A

D

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5
Q

In psychology of learning, any even or object that strengthens or increases the probability of the response it follows is known as:

a) the law of effect
b) a reinforcer
c) a punishment
d) an aversive stimulus

A

B

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6
Q

The technique that reinforces any movement in the direction of the desired response, and gradually guiding the responses closer and closer to the ultimate goal is called:

a) training
b) approximating
c) shaping
d) moulding

A

C

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7
Q

In pshycology of learning, any event or object that stregnthens or increases the probablility of the repsonse it follows is known as:

a) the law of effect
b) a reinforcer
c) a punishment
d) an aversive stimulus

A

B

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8
Q

The technique that reinforces any movement in the direction of the desired response, and gradually guiding the responses closer and closer to the ultimate goal is called:

a) training
b) approximating
c) shaping
d) moulding

A

C

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9
Q

True or False

a parent with an extreme feat of the dentist or of thunderstorms might serve as a model for there fears in a child

A

True

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10
Q

True or False
Inhibitions cannot be strengthened through observation learning. The vast majority of people must experience the unfortunate consequences of dangerous behaviour to avoid it in the future

A

False

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11
Q

True or False

Memory failure can result from the failure of encoding, storage or retrieval

A

True

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12
Q

The memory process of locating and returning stored information to the conscious state is referred to as:

a) encoding
b) procedural encoding
c) storage
d) retrieval

A

D

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13
Q

An usher points out a seat to paul in a darkened theatre by moving a flashlight in a rectangular motion. Paul sees the form of the rectangle because images from the flashlight are being briefly stored in his:

a) semantic memory
b) short-term memory
c) photographic memory
d) sensory memory

A

D

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14
Q

Working memory is another term for:

a) iconic memory
b) semantic memory
c) elaborative memory
d) short-term memory

A

D

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15
Q

In the ____________ memory, the stimulus tends to fade significantly after 20-30 seconds if it is not repeated.

a) iconic and echo
b) sensory
c) long-term
d) short-term

A

D

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16
Q

Short-term memory’s capacity is about ____________ different items or bits of information at one time

a) 7 (plus or minus 2)
b) 7 (plus or minus 1)
c) 10 (plus or minus 2)
d) 10 (plus or minus 1)

A

A

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17
Q

Multiple choice questions such as this one measure ____________ memory tasks

a) recall
b) recognition
c) relearning
d) saving

A

B

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18
Q

When studying for an exam, it is best to spend:

a) more time reciting than rereading.
b) more time rereading than reciting
c) equal time rereading and reciting
d) all of the time reciting rather than rereading.

A

D

19
Q

In classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the orignianl conditioned stimulus

A

Generalization

20
Q

The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli

A

Discrimination

21
Q

The reappearance of an extinguished response (in weaker form) when an organsim is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period

A

Spontaneous Recovery

22
Q

The weakening and often eventual disappearance of learned response, by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

23
Q

Through this process, a child attacked by a dog can easily develop a long-lasting fear of all dogs

A

Generalization

24
Q

This ability has survival value in that we know the difference between a rattlesnake and a garter snake

A

Discrimination

25
Q

The termination of an unpleasant stimulus after a response in order to increase the probablity that the response will be repeated

A

Negative Reinforcement

26
Q

A neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing after repeated pairing with other reinforcers

A

Secondary reinforcers

27
Q

For example, salary raises, promotions, awards, bonuses, good grades, and candy are and example of what?

A

Postive Reinforcements

28
Q

Examples of this type of reinforcement are turning on one’s air conditioner to terminate heat or getting out of bed to turn off a faucet to avoid listening to the annoying drip

A

Primary reinforcer

29
Q

A reward or pleasent consequence that follows a response and increases the probablility that the response will be repeated

A

Positive Reinforcements

30
Q

Food, water sleep, sex and the termination of pain

A

Primary reinforecer

31
Q

For example, attetion from others is a powerful type of this reinforcer

A

Secondary reinforcer

32
Q

A reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning

A

Primary Reinforcer

33
Q

True or False

Punishment is roughly the same as negative reinforcement

A

F

34
Q

True or False

Punishment lowers the porbablility of a response

A

T

35
Q

True or False

Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement increases the probablity of a desired repsonse

A

T

36
Q

True or False

Punishment can be accomplished by the addition of an unpleasant stimulus or by they removal of a pleasant stimulus

A

T

37
Q

“Grounding” can only be uses as a method of punishment

A

F

38
Q

True or False

Withholding affection and attentuon are examples of an unpleasant stimulus

A

T

39
Q

True or False

Scolding, critism or a prison sentence are examples of removal of a pleasant stimulus

A

T

40
Q

Another name for observational learning

A

modeling

41
Q

Parents, movie stars and sports personalities

A

model

42
Q

Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem-solving and remembering

A

Cognitive processes

43
Q

Learning by imitation

A

Model

Intro. to Psychology (3 decks)

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