Test 2

Question 1

Plebeians

Answer 1

The class of Roman citizens that included non-patrician landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers in the Roman Republic. Their struggle for equal rights with the patricians dominated much of the Republic’s history.

Question 2

Zeno

Answer 2

Developed Stoicism; Taught in Athens in a public colonnade known as the Painted Portico; “happiness could only be found in virtue!” (this is Stoicism).

Question 3

Romulus

Answer 3

One of two brothers born to Rhea Silva and then raised by a she-wolf; father is Mars; This brother killed his younger brother and ruled Rome.

Question 4

Livy

Answer 4

Chief ancient source for the history of the early Roman Republic; Used his stories to teach Romans the moral values and virtues that had made Rome great; His stories provided mythic images to reinforce Roman patriotism.

Question 5

Optimates

Answer 5

Tended to be the nobiles who controlled the senate and wished to maintain their oligarchical privileges; Likes division between them and the populares; conservative.

Question 6

Cicero

Answer 6

Was a great lawyer and a great orator; was a consul; Believed in a “concord of orders”, in which both the senate and equestrians should cooperatively work together to solve Rome’s problems (collective rule); Believed Pompey (general) would be good for the senate.

Question 7

2nd Triumvirate

Answer 7

Consisted of Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew), Marc Antony (Caesar’s ally and assistant), and Marcus Lepidus (commander of Caesar’s cavalry); Legally empowered to rule Rome after the death of Caesar; drew up a list (proscribed) of death and confiscation of 300 senators and 2,000 equestrians who have or may someday do them wrong, including Cicero. Also killed Caesar’s murderers.

Question 8

Actium (Battle of)

Answer 8

This where Marc Antony and Cleopatra VII were defeated by Octavian after Antony and Octavian turned against each other. Octavian was now the Roman ruler.

Question 9

Ptolomy XIII

Answer 9

King of Egypt; Pompey sought help from him while thinking Caesar was out to kill him (though Caesar only wanted to make amends, not kill him). This Egyptian King feared Caesar so he mistakenly killed Pompey and presented Caesar with his head upon Caesar’s arrival. Caesar is pissed so he kills this king in return. (Cleopatra was wife/sister of this king with whom Caesar falls in love with).

Question 10

Pax Romana

Answer 10

“Peace of Rome”. Term was coined by Octavian (later changed to Augustus).

Question 11

Princeps

Answer 11

Chief citizen or first among equals; Octavian (Augustus) preferred this title.

Question 12

Praetorian Guard

Answer 12

About 9,000 men who protected the princeps; would eventually become important in making and deposing of emperors; Emperor’s elite force tasked to guard.

Question 13

Nero

Answer 13

Son of Agrippina and Claudius; killed his own mother; downfall of the Julio-Claudian dynasty came during his reign; Kills anyone who goes against him; Partially responsible for the burning of Rome and wanted to build Rome up; persecuted Christians and blamed them for burning of Rome (crucified them in his garden and set them on fire);

Question 14

Pompeii

Answer 14

Area of Italy that was covered with lava from Mt. Vesuvius; Titus used his own money to help people cope with tragedy and becomes known for his generosity.

Question 15

Hadrian

Answer 15

One of the 5 Good Emperors; responsible for the wall that separated Great Britain from Scots; restored the Roman army;

Question 16

Marcus Aurelius

Answer 16

Last of the 5 Good Emperors; philosopher king; Stoic; Lover not a fighter; Wrote “Meditations”;

Question 17

Aeneid

Answer 17

Literary collection of poems written by Virgil during Augustus’ reign; linked Greece and Rome and stated that it was Rome’s divine mission to rule the world.