Test 2: Catecholamines

Question 1

T or F: Small molecule neurotransmitters are proteinaceous

Answer 1

false

Question 2

T or F: Large molecule neurotransmitters are proteinaceous

Answer 2

true

Question 3

Which molecule transmitters are synthesized by enzymes with amino acids as precursors?

Answer 3

small molecule

Question 4

Which molecules transmitters are synthesized from larger precursor proteins and gene products?

Answer 4

large molecule

Question 5

Which synaptic vesicles package small classical transmitters?

Answer 5

small synaptic vesicles

Question 6

Which synaptic vesicles package small classical transmitters and co-transmitters that are often neuropeptides?

Answer 6

large synaptic vesicles

Question 7

Which two ions does neurotransmitter release depend on?

Answer 7

Na and Ca

Question 8

Receptor in which transmitter receptor is an ion channel, and transmitter binding opens channel

Answer 8

ionotropic

Question 9

Receptor in which the receptor is not an ion channel but is bound by second messenger pathways to one; transmitter binding opens channel

Answer 9

metabotropic

Question 10

Dopamine and Norepinephrine are ____

Answer 10

catecholamines

Question 11

__ and __ share a core structure (catechol group) and a nitrogen containing group (amine) part of a larger group called monoamines or biogenic amines

Answer 11

DA and NE

Question 12

catecholamine synthesis starts with the amino acid ___

Answer 12

tyrosine

Question 13

What determines the rate synthesis?

Answer 13

rate limiting step

Question 14

The rate limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamine is the conversion of __ to __ by ___

Answer 14

tyrosine, DOPA, tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 15

Tyrosine is converted to DOPA by __

Answer 15

tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 16

High DA/NE and cell rate of firing [inhibits/excites] tyrosine hydroxylase

Answer 16

inhibits

Question 17

DOPA is synthesized to dopamine by ___

Answer 17

aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (takes out a carboxyl group)

Question 18

Dopamine is synthesized to norepinephrine by ___

Answer 18

dopamine B-hydroxylase (adds hydroxyl group on Beta carbon)

Question 19

Catecholamines are packaged into small classical synaptic vesicles by _____

Answer 19

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

Question 20

catecholamine packaging can be blocked by the drug ___

Answer 20

reserpine

Question 21

Catecholamines are released primarily by __ dependent mechanisms

Answer 21

Ca++

Question 22

Catecholamine release is inhibited by __ on the synaptic terminal surface, which reduces the amount of __ entering the terminal

Answer 22

auto-receptors, Ca++

Question 23

Catecholamines can be inactivated by 2 different responses: __ and __

Answer 23

reuptake and metabolism

Question 24

Reuptake of catecholamines is done by ___ and ___

Answer 24

DA and NE transporters (DATs and NERTs)

Question 25

Metabolism of catecholamines is done by ___, which transfers a methyl group to catechol ring, and ____ in which oxidization replaces amine

Answer 25

catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 26

Which brain area is implicated in motor function?

Answer 26

substantia nigra

Question 27

Which brain area is implicated in reward?

Answer 27

ventral tegmental area

Question 28

DA receptor subtypes (D1-D5) are all [ionotropic/metabotropic]

Answer 28

metabotropic

Question 29

In __ receptors, transmitter-receptor interaction causes a cascade of structural changes in coupling proteins to occur

Answer 29

slow acting

Question 30

True or false: all metabotropic receptors use the same coupling protein to initiate sequence of events leading to second messenger production

Answer 30

true

Question 31

GTP bound alpha subunit of G protein activates ___, which cleaves ATP, creating ___

Answer 31

adenylate cyclase; cAMP

Question 32

cAMP can induce ___ change in cells

Answer 32

structural

Question 33

cAMP activates ___ via CREB

Answer 33

gene expression

Question 34

G protein subunit that activates adenylate cyclase and cAMP production

Answer 34

Gs

Question 35

G protein subunit that inhibits adenylate cyclase & cAMP production

Answer 35

Gi

Question 36

Changes in cAMP in cell can affect ___ by altering channel opening/closing

Answer 36

excitability

Question 37

Normally cAMP acts to close __ channels

Answer 37

K+

Question 38

___ activates behavior; involved in hunger, pain, anxiety, sex, arousal, and vigilance

Answer 38

norepinephrine

Question 39

brain area implicated in attention and vigilance

Answer 39

locus coeruleus

Question 40

Norepinephrine receptor subtypes are [metabotropic/ionotropic]

Answer 40

metabotropic

Question 41

In general, dopamine [activates, inhibits] behavior

Answer 41

activates

Question 42

____ can regulate gene transcription and translation due to ___

Answer 42

second messengers; phosphorylations