Test 2: Glutamate and GABA

Question 1

ionized glutamic acid - amino acid used for protein synthesis

Answer 1

glutamate

Question 2

the primary excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 2

glutamate

Question 3

glutamate is synthesized from __ by __

Answer 3

glutamine; glutaminase

Question 4

What does glutaminase do?

Answer 4

removes an amine group

Question 5

packages GLU into small classical synaptic vesicles, provides means for releasing predetermined amount and protects from degradation by terminal enzyme

Answer 5

VGLUT 1-3

Question 6

True or False: glutamate neurons possess both a VGLUT1 and VGLUT2

Answer 6

false: can only possess one of each

Question 7

GLU is released by __ dependent mechanisms (pre-synaptic potential)

Answer 7

Ca++

Question 8

___ are responsible for GLU reuptake

Answer 8

excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs)

Question 9

EAAT 1 and 2 are located on __; EAAT3 is primarily expressed on __

Answer 9

astrocytes; neurons

Question 10

___ is the main NT in large pyramidal neurons (major output neurons of the cortex projecting to striatum, thalamus, limbic area)

Answer 10

GLU

Question 11

the most active GLU receptor subtype, depolarizes due to increase in Na+ influx

Answer 11

AMPA

Question 12

3 subtypes of ionotropic GLU receptors

Answer 12

AMPA, kainate, NMDA

Question 13

ionotropic GLU receptor that depolarizes due to increase Na+ and Ca+, most powerful

Answer 13

NMDA

Question 14

AMPA/kainate antagonist that produces sedation, reduced locomotion, impaired motor coordination

Answer 14

NBQX

Question 15

__ GLU receptors allow Ca influx by activating 2nd messengers

Answer 15

NMDA

Question 16

2 additional binding sites on NMDA receptors

Answer 16

MG binding site and Phencyclidine (PCP)/ketamine binding site

Question 17

What transmitters are required to open an NMDA channel?

Answer 17

glutamate and gylcine/D-serine (co-agonist)

Question 18

Which GLU receptor plays an important role in learning and memory?

Answer 18

NMDA

Question 19

phase during/immediately after tetanus; action during/after repeated exposure

Answer 19

induction phase

Question 20

phase of enhanced synaptic strength measured at a later time

Answer 20

expresion phase

Question 21

a rapid successive train of stumuli that leads to prolonged GLU activity

Answer 21

tetanus

Question 22

persistent increase in synaptic strength produced by a burst of activity in the pre-synaptic neuron

Answer 22

long term potentiation (LTP)

Question 23

inhibitory neurons use __ as a small molecule neurotransmitter

Answer 23

GABA

Question 24

amino acid precursor to GABA

Answer 24

glutamate

Question 25

glutamate is synthesized into GABA by ___

Answer 25

glutamic acid decarboxylase

Question 26

packages GABA into small synaptic vesicles and provides means for releasing predetermined amount

Answer 26

vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)

Question 27

GABA is released by __ dependent mechanisms (pre-synaptic potential)

Answer 27

Ca

Question 28

GABA reuptake uses __

Answer 28

GAT transporters

Question 29

GAT1 and 2 are located on __, GAT3 is located on __

Answer 29

astrocytes and neurons, astrocytes only

Question 30

GABA is metabolized by 2 mechanisms: __ and __

Answer 30

neuronal and astrocytic

Question 31

the primary fast acting inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 31

GABA

Question 32

GABA A receptors are [metabotropic/ionotropic]; GABA B receptors are [metabotropic/ionotropic]

Answer 32

ionotropic; metabotropic

Question 33

__ are GABA receptors that inhibit cAMP production and open K+ channels (hyperpolarization)

Answer 33

GABA B

Question 34

__ are GABA receptors that work on Cl- ion channels for blunt depolarization; cause Cl shunts

Answer 34

GABA A