test 2- ch 4,5,7

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

physiological process through which you are aware of external stimuli

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

psychological process of interrupting those stimuli

Question 3

absolute threshold

Answer 3

min amount of stimulus necessary for detection 50% of the time

Question 4

absolute threshold examples for each

Answer 4

candle flame 30 mi away, ticking of wristwatch at 20 ft in quiet room, 1 tsp of sugar in 2 gal of water, 1 drop of perfume in typical 3 room apt.

Question 5

just noticeable difference

Answer 5

amount of difference between 2 stimuli necessary for detection, differences at lower levels are more noticable

Question 6

translation

Answer 6

turning external stimulation into a neural message

Question 7

frequency vs wavelength

Answer 7

frequency=brightness wavelength=color

Question 8

rods vs cones

Answer 8

rods= frequency (intensity/brightness)

cones=color (wavelength)

Question 9

pathway of visual message

Answer 9

receptor cell, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve

Question 10

problems in cones and rods

Answer 10

cone problems leads to color blindness

rod problems leads to night blindess

Question 11

distribution of cones and rods

Answer 11

cones are concentrated in one area while rods are spread throughout eyes

Question 12

trichromatic theory

Answer 12

3 types of cones detect primary colors (red, green, blue)

this theory could not explain how colors were combined like yellow

Question 13

opponent processing theory

Answer 13

6 primary colors in pairs, (red and green, blue and yellow, black and white), color receptors work in opposing fashion to see pixels, rebound effect

Question 14

process of sensation and perception (big picture)

Answer 14

translation, extraction, interpretation

Question 15

extraction

Answer 15

breaking the message down into basic components to process

Question 16

where do visual signals go

Answer 16

50% of them go to the thalamus, which separates detail , color, brightness, depth…then to go occcipital lope where feature detectors signal cells for specific info

Question 17

interpretation

Answer 17

recombining all the processed information

Question 18

Gestalt rules for organizing info

Answer 18

1) figure and ground(foreground and background)
2) proximity (close objects grouped)
3) similarity
4) closure (not all objects have to be fully closed)
5) continuity (brain follows smoothest path)
6) common fate

Question 19

hearing receptor cells

Answer 19

in the chochlea

Question 20

amplitude vs frequency

Answer 20

amp ( loudness) and frequency (pitch)

Question 21

place theory

Answer 21

wave of cells activates hair cells at a certain place corresponding to frequencies… number of hair cells stimulated relates info about loudness

Question 22

hearing problems

Answer 22

eardrum = amplitude (fixed with hearing aid).. receptor hair cells in cochlea fixed with implant

Question 23

what sound is harmful

Answer 23

sounds exceeding 85 decibels

Question 24

smell receptors

Answer 24

olfactory receptors, messages sent to the amygdala and hippocampus

Question 25

anosmia

Answer 25

complete loss of smell

Question 26

taste

Answer 26

gustatory cells activated by food molecules,

Question 27

synesthesia

Answer 27

intermingling of senses

Question 28

sense of touch

Answer 28

specialized nerve endings for warmth, cold, pain, pressure, brain is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation

Question 29

kinesthesis

Answer 29

sense of body position and movement

Question 30

vestibular sense

Answer 30

balance, monitors your heads position and movement

Question 31

gate control theory

Answer 31

small nerve fibers conduct pain signals, large nerve fibers conduct other signals, some pain can be stopped (gated) by interneurons in spinal cord

Question 32

restorative theory

Answer 32

sleep to restore the body

Question 33

adaptive theory

Answer 33

sleep at night bc we adapted to it

Question 34

sleep cycle stages and waves

Answer 34

``` 90 min long, awake=beta drowsy=alpha stage 1=theta stage 2=theta and sleep spindles stage 3=delta stage 4=slow delta waves REM=similar to beta ```

Question 35

psychodynamic theory

Answer 35

``` manifest theory (nuts and bolts of dream) latent content (underlying) ```

Question 36

computer model theory

Answer 36

setting up neural networks/connections while your sleeping

Question 37

sensory perspective

Answer 37

replay senses from the day

Question 38

cognitive perspective

Answer 38

dream about things you think about during the day

Question 39

hypnosis

Answer 39

state of increased relaxation and focus of mind, suggestibility is increased

Question 40

narcotics

Answer 40

opiates; morphine, heroin

Question 41

sedative

Answer 41

barbituates and alcohol

Question 42

stimulants

Answer 42

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, cocain

Question 43

hallocinogens

Answer 43

LSD,

Question 44

cannabis

Answer 44

marijuana

Question 45

compound drugs

Answer 45

ectasy, (stimulant and hallocinogen) | anything that falls in 2 or more categories

Question 46

classical conditioning

Answer 46

one event signals other event

Question 47

thorndikes law of effect (1895)

Answer 47

behavior that leads to good consequence will be strengthened and bad consequences will be weakened

Question 48

reinforcements

Answer 48

increases response and behavior

Question 49

punishment

Answer 49

decrease response and behavior

Question 50

positive

Answer 50

presentation of stimulus/consequense

Question 51

shaping

Answer 51

successive approximation in learning a new behavior

Question 52

modeling

Answer 52

observe someone engaging in behavior

Question 53

bandura ross and ross experiments

Answer 53

children learn from watching others

Question 54

vacarious reinforcement

Answer 54

watching adults get rewarded for bad behavior

Question 55

feature integration theory

Answer 55

focused attention is required to bind individual features together (color and letters for example)

Question 56

monocular depth cues

Answer 56

aspects of a scene that yield info about depth when viewed with one eye

Question 57

linear perspective

Answer 57

parallel lines converge as they go into the distance

Question 58

binocular disparity

Answer 58

difference in retinal images of two eyes that provides info about depth

Question 59

timbre

Answer 59

complexity of sound wave, explains why same loudness of flute and trumpet sound different

Question 60

place code

Answer 60

high frequencies along basilar membrane

Question 61

temporal code

Answer 61

registers low frequencies by the firing rate of action potential in auditory nerve

Question 62

haptic perception

Answer 62

exploring environment by touching and grasping with our hands

Question 63

referred pain

Answer 63

sensory info from internal and external areas converge on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord

Question 64

phermenology

Answer 64

how things seem to the conscious person