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psych 1010 > test 2- ch 4,5,7 > Flashcards

test 2- ch 4,5,7 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

physiological process through which you are aware of external stimuli

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2
Q

perception

A

psychological process of interrupting those stimuli

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A

min amount of stimulus necessary for detection 50% of the time

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4
Q

absolute threshold examples for each

A

candle flame 30 mi away, ticking of wristwatch at 20 ft in quiet room, 1 tsp of sugar in 2 gal of water, 1 drop of perfume in typical 3 room apt.

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5
Q

just noticeable difference

A

amount of difference between 2 stimuli necessary for detection, differences at lower levels are more noticable

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6
Q

translation

A

turning external stimulation into a neural message

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7
Q

frequency vs wavelength

A

frequency=brightness wavelength=color

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8
Q

rods vs cones

A

rods= frequency (intensity/brightness)

cones=color (wavelength)

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9
Q

pathway of visual message

A

receptor cell, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve

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10
Q

problems in cones and rods

A

cone problems leads to color blindness

rod problems leads to night blindess

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11
Q

distribution of cones and rods

A

cones are concentrated in one area while rods are spread throughout eyes

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12
Q

trichromatic theory

A

3 types of cones detect primary colors (red, green, blue)

this theory could not explain how colors were combined like yellow

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13
Q

opponent processing theory

A

6 primary colors in pairs, (red and green, blue and yellow, black and white), color receptors work in opposing fashion to see pixels, rebound effect

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14
Q

process of sensation and perception (big picture)

A

translation, extraction, interpretation

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15
Q

extraction

A

breaking the message down into basic components to process

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16
Q

where do visual signals go

A

50% of them go to the thalamus, which separates detail , color, brightness, depth…then to go occcipital lope where feature detectors signal cells for specific info

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17
Q

interpretation

A

recombining all the processed information

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18
Q

Gestalt rules for organizing info

A

1) figure and ground(foreground and background)
2) proximity (close objects grouped)
3) similarity
4) closure (not all objects have to be fully closed)
5) continuity (brain follows smoothest path)
6) common fate

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19
Q

hearing receptor cells

A

in the chochlea

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20
Q

amplitude vs frequency

A

amp ( loudness) and frequency (pitch)

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21
Q

place theory

A

wave of cells activates hair cells at a certain place corresponding to frequencies… number of hair cells stimulated relates info about loudness

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22
Q

hearing problems

A

eardrum = amplitude (fixed with hearing aid).. receptor hair cells in cochlea fixed with implant

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23
Q

what sound is harmful

A

sounds exceeding 85 decibels

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24
Q

smell receptors

A

olfactory receptors, messages sent to the amygdala and hippocampus

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25
Q

anosmia

A

complete loss of smell

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26
Q

taste

A

gustatory cells activated by food molecules,

27
Q

synesthesia

A

intermingling of senses

28
Q

sense of touch

A

specialized nerve endings for warmth, cold, pain, pressure, brain is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation

29
Q

kinesthesis

A

sense of body position and movement

30
Q

vestibular sense

A

balance, monitors your heads position and movement

31
Q

gate control theory

A

small nerve fibers conduct pain signals, large nerve fibers conduct other signals, some pain can be stopped (gated) by interneurons in spinal cord

32
Q

restorative theory

A

sleep to restore the body

33
Q

adaptive theory

A

sleep at night bc we adapted to it

34
Q

sleep cycle stages and waves

A 
90 min long, 
awake=beta
drowsy=alpha
stage 1=theta
stage 2=theta and sleep spindles
stage 3=delta
stage 4=slow delta waves
REM=similar to beta
35
Q

psychodynamic theory

A 
manifest theory (nuts and bolts of dream)
latent content (underlying)
36
Q

computer model theory

A

setting up neural networks/connections while your sleeping

37
Q

sensory perspective

A

replay senses from the day

38
Q

cognitive perspective

A

dream about things you think about during the day

39
Q

hypnosis

A

state of increased relaxation and focus of mind, suggestibility is increased

40
Q

narcotics

A

opiates; morphine, heroin

41
Q

sedative

A

barbituates and alcohol

42
Q

stimulants

A

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, cocain

43
Q

hallocinogens

A

LSD,

44
Q

cannabis

A

marijuana

45
Q

compound drugs

A

ectasy, (stimulant and hallocinogen)

anything that falls in 2 or more categories

46
Q

classical conditioning

A

one event signals other event

47
Q

thorndikes law of effect (1895)

A

behavior that leads to good consequence will be strengthened and bad consequences will be weakened

48
Q

reinforcements

A

increases response and behavior

49
Q

punishment

A

decrease response and behavior

50
Q

positive

A

presentation of stimulus/consequense

51
Q

shaping

A

successive approximation in learning a new behavior

52
Q

modeling

A

observe someone engaging in behavior

53
Q

bandura ross and ross experiments

A

children learn from watching others

54
Q

vacarious reinforcement

A

watching adults get rewarded for bad behavior

55
Q

feature integration theory

A

focused attention is required to bind individual features together (color and letters for example)

56
Q

monocular depth cues

A

aspects of a scene that yield info about depth when viewed with one eye

57
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines converge as they go into the distance

58
Q

binocular disparity

A

difference in retinal images of two eyes that provides info about depth

59
Q

timbre

A

complexity of sound wave, explains why same loudness of flute and trumpet sound different

60
Q

place code

A

high frequencies along basilar membrane

61
Q

temporal code

A

registers low frequencies by the firing rate of action potential in auditory nerve

62
Q

haptic perception

A

exploring environment by touching and grasping with our hands

63
Q

referred pain

A

sensory info from internal and external areas converge on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord

64
Q

phermenology

A

how things seem to the conscious person

psych 1010 (4 decks)

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