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psych 1010 > test3-6,9,10 > Flashcards

test3-6,9,10 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

memory

A

active mental system that encodes, stores, retrievers information

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2
Q

encoding

A

sensory info is transformed into mental representation…requires effort

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3
Q

stoarge

A

memories are maintained for immediate or future use

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4
Q

retrieval

A

accessing the information

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5
Q

sensory memory

A

holds current sensory info for a brief moment…2-3 seconds (iconic and echoic sensory memory)

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6
Q

iconic sensory memory

A

close ur eyes you can see your notes

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7
Q

echoic sensory memory

A

hearing something ur head immediately longer

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8
Q

short term memory

A

working memory, info you keep in conscious awareness without further processing… 20-30 seconds.. “magic number” 7+-2 units of info

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9
Q

strategies to extend time limit and capacity

A

repetition, chunking

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10
Q

long term memory

A

unlimited storage, stored in a neural network.

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11
Q

processes for long term memory

A

repetition, elaboration

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12
Q

semantic network

A

meaningful connections so you can access it easily….. “tip of my tongue”

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13
Q

explicit memory

A

long term memory- conscious thought, (episodic..time, places, associated with emotion and personal experience) (sematic memory..general knowledge of the world accumulated)

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14
Q

implicit memory

A

long term memory..(procedural memory.. remembering how to do things) (priming…enhanced idnetification of objects or words bc recent exposure)

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15
Q

external retrieval cues

A

external info encoded w original memory triggers

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16
Q

internal retrieval cues

A

states encoded with original memory can trigger again

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17
Q

amnesia

A

retrograde (remembering back in time..usually bc trauma)

anterograde (inability to remember new information)

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18
Q

alzheimers

A

affects the hippocampus and acetylcholine

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19
Q

normal forgetting

A

serial position curve- recall first and last items in a series best
decay and interference- memories are lost over time bc of new memories forming

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20
Q

memory strategies

A

first letter technique, method of loci (placing items in location)
peg word mnemonic (words w numbers), self cues vivid imagery, and elaboration

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21
Q

transience

A

decay of memories over time

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22
Q

blocking memories

A

tip of the tongue

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23
Q

flashbulb memories

A

memory for important event often changes and mashes together over time

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24
Q

retrointerference

A

new info effects previously acquired information

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25
proactive interference
old info comes forward and interferes with new information
26
intellegence
ability to understand the world around us, think rationally, and use resources to effectively solve problems
27
IQ score
mental age/ chronological age X100 | score of 100 is average, 70 is mental retardation, 130 is extreme intelligence
28
Mild mental retardation
50-70 score, 85% of disabled, 6th grade skill set, self supported with assistance
29
Moderate mental retardation
35-49 IQ, 10%.. 2nd grade skills, sheltered, workshops
30
severe mental retardation
20-34 IQ, 3-4% , may talk but need close supervision
31
profound mental retardation
below 20 IQ, 1-2%,constant aid/supervision
32
Binet
1st modern intelligence test, emphasized reason and logic rather than memory
33
wechsier
intelligence scale for adults and children (WAIS and WISC) | academically based, performance and verbal skills, vocab comprehension and picture arrangement, etc.
34
Gardener
theory of multiple intelligence
35
Logical
mathematical
36
verbal- linguistic
good with words and speaking
37
visual spatial
read, maps, (artists)
38
interpersonal
good with people and reading them
39
interpersonal
philosophy
40
body-kinesthetic
body and movement
41
musical
music
42
naturalist
outdoor/animal
43
Goleman- emotional intellegence
ability to perceive, understand, and manage own emotions | self awareness, managing emotions, motivating yourself, empathy, handling relationships
44
cognitive concepts
organize into objects, events, people, ideas, etc
45
cognitive prototypes
typical example of a concept (ex: bird=cardinal)
46
schemas vs script & stereotypes
schema=cogntive maps for people and events scripts=types of schema, events stereotype=people
47
heuistics
shortcuts (rules of thumb) | ex: decision rules, analogies
48
availability heuristic
assuming info that is easily remembered must be correct/more likely
49
representative heuristic
info that is more similar to typical events/person is more likely correct
50
phenomes
smallest unit of sound, english has about 52 phenomes | 869 phenomes have been identified
51
morphemes
smallest meaningful units
52
syntax
order or rules for grammar
53
language developement
3 mo. = cooing (making all sounds possible) 8 mo. babbling= strings of sounds 12 mo. = one word expressions..overextension 18 mo. = 2 word expressions 2-3 years= short sentences, vocab excels 4-5 yrs= full sentences, enjoys jokes
54
overextension
one word applied to all (all liquids are called juice)
55
nativist theories in cognitive development
language acquisition device... innate ability for grammar, automatically divide words into categories, distinguish words with string of sounds, figure out order of nouns and verbs, notice how words are change to make plural
56
berko
1958- tested how kids know how to add s to noun
57
language ability
age limits on ability to learn a language.. 10-11 year olds is critical mark, language expands neural network and increase cognitive ability
58
prenatal development
``` conception=zygote, germinal period= first 2 weeks embryonic period=2-8 weeks gender=6-8 weeks fetal period= 2 months-birth ```
59
age of viability
22-26 weeks
60
postnatal reflexes
grasping, rooting (turn head), stepping, sucking, moro(curl into ball if falling)
61
motor skills development
``` raises head when lying on stomach-1 mo rolls over- 2-4 mo. sits w support- 3-5 mo. sits on own-4-8 mo. crawl- 7 mo-1 yr walk- 12-14 mo. ```
62
harlow
monkey experiment forming attachments
63
ainsworth
attentive mothers=secure attachment semi-attentive=ambivalent attachment non-attentive=avoidant attachment trauma, abuse, neglect=disorganized-disoriented attachment
64
jean piaget
children construct mental models of the world around them | use mistakes they make to correct mental models of the world
65
sensory motor stage
birth-2 yrs | no object permanence
66
preoperational stage
2-7 yrs, reversal (problems in reverse) | egocentrism, conservation (objects that look bigger are better)
67
concrete operational
7-11 yrs, children think concretely about objects and problems, do not have abstract reasoning, have difficultly about hypothetical problems
68
formal operational
12-adult, deductive reasoning(general to specific), inductive reasoning (specific to general) systematic strategies for problem solving
69
preconventional moral development
up to 9 yrs- concerned with punishments
70
conventional moral development
10-15 years.. social norms and rules
71
postconventional moral development
16 and up, concerned with higher moral principles
72
semantic encoding
relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
73
consolidation
process by which memories become stable in the brain... more resiliant to become disruspted
74
reconsolidation
causes memories to become more vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled....then they must be consolidated again...reactivating a memory temporarily makes it vulnerable again
75
retrieval induced forgetting
eyewitnesses forgot details not initially interviewed
76
hippocampal amnesia
inability to imagine new experiences
77
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
78
flashbulb memory
detailed recollection of when and where we were when we heard about shocking events
79
genetic dysphasia
cannot learn grammar structure despite being normally intellegent
80
exemplar theory
classify new objects by comparing them to all other category members rather than prototype where you compare to sterotypical
81
framing effect
people give different answers depending on how the question was worded
82
sunk cost fallacy
people make decisons on what they have invested into the situation... ex: still go to a rainy gross concert bc you invested in a ticket
83
fluid intellegence
ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences
84
crystallized intellegence
ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

psych 1010 (4 decks)

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