Test 2 Heart And Blood Flashcards
Atrial septal defect
Abnormal opening in the septum between the L and R atria
Murmur
Surgical correction with Dacron patch or device
Ventricular septal defect
Opening in the septum between ventricles causing L and R shunt
Hypertrophy, CHF, murmur
Surgical correction
Atrioventricular canal defect
Allows blood to flow between all chambers
Murmur, CHF
Surgical repair and reconstruction
Patent ductus arteriosus
Allows oxygenated blood pumped into the aorta from left ventricle to return to lungs
Excess blood in lungs, volume overload, CHF
Prostaglandin or ligation
Coarctation of the aorta
Decreased blood flow to abdomen and legs, blood shunted to arms and head
Increased BP, warm upper body, cool lower body, nose bleeds and headache
Aortic stenosis
Abnormally small valve
L heart failure, decreased cardiac output
Pulmonary stenosis
Abnormally narrow valve
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Balloon to widen the valve
Tetralogy of fallot
Four defects
Mix of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood
Causes cyanosis and dyspnea
Hypo plastic left heart syndrome
Underdeveloped left side of heart
Need intensive care, may need transplant
Hear failure
Usually due to surgically correctable structural abnormality
Inability of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood to body
Heart failure syptoms
Tachycardia
Decreased peripheral pulses
Retractions, grunting, nasal flaring
Edema, distended neck vein, decreased output
Treatment of heart failure
Digoxin and ACE inhibitors
Lasix, aldactone
Limit activity, sedate irritated child
Improve oxygenation
Rheumatic fever
Inflammatory disorder that may involve heart, joints, connective tissue and CNS
Autoimmune reaction to strep
Treatment of RF
Treat strep to prevent
Prevent cardiac damage and reoccurrence
Antibiotics throughout childhood
Kawasaki disease
Vasculitis of unknown cause
Dilation of coronary arteries and aneurysms
Diagnosed by clinical criteria
Criteria for Kawasaki
Fever for 5 or more days Non exudate pink eye Strawberry tongue Rash Cervical lymphadenopathy
Acute phase of vascular dysfunction
Increased fever that doesn’t respond to antibiotics
Anemia
Decrease in the number of RBC or HGB
Decreased RBC production symptoms
Tachycardia
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Pica
Increased RBC loss
Pallor
Fatigue
Cool skin
Decreased peripheral pulses
Increased RBC destruction symptoms
Dark urine
Splenomegaly
Iron deficiency anemia
Most common type of anemia
Maternal stores last about 5-6 months
Iron needed for hemoglobin production
Iron deficiency anemia risk factors
Lower income
Cow milk low in iron
Adolescent
Iron deficiency anemia symptoms
Dizziness Lethargy Lightheadedness Malaise SOB Restless leg syndrome
Treatment of iron deficient anemia
Fe fortified milk or breast milk first year Fe fortified cereal Fe supplement for premies Vit C Oral supplements
Teaching for iron deficiency
Give between meals with vitamin C
Green-black stools
Overdose
IM is z-track
Sickle cell anemia
Normal hemoglobin replaced by sickle hemoglobin
autosomal recessive gene
Causes of sickling
Hypoxia High altitude Dehydration Acidosis Cold Infection
Symptoms of sickle cell anemia
Pain Anemia May cause CVA Inflammation Increased RBC production
Treatment of sickle cell
Transfusion and O2 Minimize crisis Promote hydration Rest Heat Control pain
Aplastic anemia
Bone marrow is suppressed leading to lack of WBC’s, RBCS and platelets
Aplastic anemia symptoms
Fatigue
Frequent infections
Rash
Bleeding and bruising
Treatment of aplastic anemia
Remove cause
Consider bone Marrow transplant
Immunosuppressive therapy
Hemophilia
Missing clotting factor lead to delayed, prolonged bleeding
Hemophilia A
Factor 8
X linked recessive
Hemophilia B
Factor 9
X linked recessive
Hemarthrosis
Repeated bleeding into a joint
Swollen, painful, limited mobility
Contracture and degeneration
Treatment of hemophilia
Replace missing factor via transfusion
Control bleeding(RICE)
Provide care for hemathrosis
Exercise and physical therapy
Leukemia
Cancer of the blood forming tissue
Most common cancer of childhood
Immature WBCS crowd out healthy WBCS
Leads to bone marrow suppression
Syptoms of leukemia
Fatigue
Weight loss
Frequent infections
Easy bleeding
Treatment of leukemia
Induction is intense
Chemo
Maintenance for 2-3 years
Bone marrow transplant
HIV
Child always ill
Failure to thrive
Need stem cell transplant
Absence of humoral and cell mediated immunity
Blood transfusion
Vitals before and q 15min
Infusion lasts less than 4 hrs
