Test 2 Heart And Blood

Question 1

Atrial septal defect

Answer 1

Abnormal opening in the septum between the L and R atria
Murmur
Surgical correction with Dacron patch or device

Question 2

Ventricular septal defect

Answer 2

Opening in the septum between ventricles causing L and R shunt
Hypertrophy, CHF, murmur
Surgical correction

Question 3

Atrioventricular canal defect

Answer 3

Allows blood to flow between all chambers
Murmur, CHF
Surgical repair and reconstruction

Question 4

Patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 4

Allows oxygenated blood pumped into the aorta from left ventricle to return to lungs
Excess blood in lungs, volume overload, CHF
Prostaglandin or ligation

Question 5

Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 5

Decreased blood flow to abdomen and legs, blood shunted to arms and head
Increased BP, warm upper body, cool lower body, nose bleeds and headache

Question 6

Aortic stenosis

Answer 6

Abnormally small valve

L heart failure, decreased cardiac output

Question 7

Pulmonary stenosis

Answer 7

Abnormally narrow valve
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Balloon to widen the valve

Question 8

Tetralogy of fallot

Answer 8

Four defects
Mix of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood
Causes cyanosis and dyspnea

Question 9

Hypo plastic left heart syndrome

Answer 9

Underdeveloped left side of heart

Need intensive care, may need transplant

Question 10

Hear failure

Answer 10

Usually due to surgically correctable structural abnormality

Inability of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood to body

Question 11

Heart failure syptoms

Answer 11

Tachycardia
Decreased peripheral pulses
Retractions, grunting, nasal flaring
Edema, distended neck vein, decreased output

Question 12

Treatment of heart failure

Answer 12

Digoxin and ACE inhibitors
Lasix, aldactone
Limit activity, sedate irritated child
Improve oxygenation

Question 13

Rheumatic fever

Answer 13

Inflammatory disorder that may involve heart, joints, connective tissue and CNS
Autoimmune reaction to strep

Question 14

Treatment of RF

Answer 14

Treat strep to prevent
Prevent cardiac damage and reoccurrence
Antibiotics throughout childhood

Question 15

Kawasaki disease

Answer 15

Vasculitis of unknown cause
Dilation of coronary arteries and aneurysms
Diagnosed by clinical criteria

Question 16

Criteria for Kawasaki

Answer 16

Fever for 5 or more days
Non exudate pink eye
Strawberry tongue
Rash
Cervical lymphadenopathy

Question 17

Acute phase of vascular dysfunction

Answer 17

Increased fever that doesn’t respond to antibiotics

Question 18

Anemia

Answer 18

Decrease in the number of RBC or HGB

Question 19

Decreased RBC production symptoms

Answer 19

Tachycardia
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Pica

Question 20

Increased RBC loss

Answer 20

Pallor
Fatigue
Cool skin
Decreased peripheral pulses

Question 21

Increased RBC destruction symptoms

Answer 21

Dark urine

Splenomegaly

Question 22

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer 22

Most common type of anemia
Maternal stores last about 5-6 months
Iron needed for hemoglobin production

Question 23

Iron deficiency anemia risk factors

Answer 23

Lower income
Cow milk low in iron
Adolescent

Question 24

Iron deficiency anemia symptoms

Answer 24

Dizziness 
Lethargy
Lightheadedness
Malaise
SOB
Restless leg syndrome

Question 25

Treatment of iron deficient anemia

Answer 25

``` Fe fortified milk or breast milk first year Fe fortified cereal Fe supplement for premies Vit C Oral supplements ```

Question 26

Teaching for iron deficiency

Answer 26

Give between meals with vitamin C Green-black stools Overdose IM is z-track

Question 27

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 27

Normal hemoglobin replaced by sickle hemoglobin | autosomal recessive gene

Question 28

Causes of sickling

Answer 28

``` Hypoxia High altitude Dehydration Acidosis Cold Infection ```

Question 29

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia

Answer 29

``` Pain Anemia May cause CVA Inflammation Increased RBC production ```

Question 30

Treatment of sickle cell

Answer 30

``` Transfusion and O2 Minimize crisis Promote hydration Rest Heat Control pain ```

Question 31

Aplastic anemia

Answer 31

Bone marrow is suppressed leading to lack of WBC's, RBCS and platelets

Question 32

Aplastic anemia symptoms

Answer 32

Fatigue Frequent infections Rash Bleeding and bruising

Question 33

Treatment of aplastic anemia

Answer 33

Remove cause Consider bone Marrow transplant Immunosuppressive therapy

Question 34

Hemophilia

Answer 34

Missing clotting factor lead to delayed, prolonged bleeding

Question 35

Hemophilia A

Answer 35

Factor 8 | X linked recessive

Question 36

Hemophilia B

Answer 36

Factor 9 | X linked recessive

Question 37

Hemarthrosis

Answer 37

Repeated bleeding into a joint Swollen, painful, limited mobility Contracture and degeneration

Question 38

Treatment of hemophilia

Answer 38

Replace missing factor via transfusion Control bleeding(RICE) Provide care for hemathrosis Exercise and physical therapy

Question 39

Leukemia

Answer 39

Cancer of the blood forming tissue Most common cancer of childhood Immature WBCS crowd out healthy WBCS Leads to bone marrow suppression

Question 40

Syptoms of leukemia

Answer 40

Fatigue Weight loss Frequent infections Easy bleeding

Question 41

Treatment of leukemia

Answer 41

Induction is intense Chemo Maintenance for 2-3 years Bone marrow transplant

Question 42

HIV

Answer 42

Child always ill Failure to thrive Need stem cell transplant Absence of humoral and cell mediated immunity

Question 43

Blood transfusion

Answer 43

Vitals before and q 15min | Infusion lasts less than 4 hrs