test 2 study guide

Question 1

magical thinking

Answer 1

a child falsely believing a certain action will influence the world around them

Question 2

divergent thinking

Answer 2

thought process allowing a child to generate a number of possible solutions

Question 3

counterfactual reasoning

Answer 3

thinking about a situation and reflecting how it could have turned out differently

Question 4

causal cognition

Answer 4

understanding the relationship between cause and effect

Question 5

Theory of Mind

Answer 5

allows children to understand how others feel and that those feelings may be different than how they feel themselves

Question 6

symbolic play

Answer 6

using an item to represent a different item

Question 7

speech intelligibility

Answer 7

how clear/easily understood someone’s speech is to the listener

Question 8

working memory

Answer 8

allows encoding, storing, processing, and rehearsal of information essential to language development

Question 9

overextension

Answer 9

using perceptual characteristics of an entity to extend meaning

Question 10

underextension

Answer 10

restricted or limited meaning of a word

Question 11

domain specific vocabulary

Answer 11

vocabulary items specific to a specialized domain/subject

Question 12

mental lexicon

Answer 12

mental dictionary of all words a person knows

neighborhood density-dense/sparse

Question 13

morpheme

Answer 13

smallest unit of a word with meaning

Question 14

stages of play

Answer 14

solitary
parallel
associative
cooperative

Question 15

solitary play

Answer 15

birth - 24 months

caregivers are favorite toy until interest in toys emerges at 8 mos. and peaks at 2 yrs.

pretend play emerges

Question 16

parallel play

Answer 16

24 mo. - 36 mo.

social routines appear in play; children play beside each other, but not interacting

children learn from narration of play

play is active

Question 17

associative play

Answer 17

3 - 4 yrs.

imagination and interaction increases

sharing is learned

Question 18

cooperative play

Answer 18

4 yrs.

assigned roles and use of different voices in play

Question 19

infant response to adult facial expressions

Answer 19

6-12 mo.

children have the ability to understand differences in facial expressions and engage in behavior based on positive or negative faction expressions

Question 20

formal operations stage

Answer 20

begins at

children begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems and use deductive reasoning (reasoning for specific information form general priciple)

Question 21

at what age are children expected to respond to their own name

Answer 21

5 mo.

Question 22

mirror nuerons

Answer 22

mirror the behavior of others as though the observer was acting himself

infants imitate facial expressions, although not aware of their own face

Question 23

stages of noun phrase development in preschool ages children

Answer 23

1. 18-25 months: single word utterances and emergence of 2 word
2. 27-30 months: sentence production expands (mommy make yummy food)
3. 31-34 months: sentences expand with modified and articles
4. 35+ months: sentences include more modifiers and pronouns

Question 24

adult-like syntax is expected by what age?

Answer 24

4 years old

Question 25

syntax emerges at what age?

Answer 25

18 months old (2 word utterances)

Question 26

pragmatic functions for communications of intentions

Answer 26

-instrumental -regulatory -interactions -personal

Question 27

instrumental function of communication of intentions

Answer 27

used to obtain a goal and have wants met

Question 28

regulatory function of communications of intentions

Answer 28

used to control others' behaviors

Question 29

interaction function of communication of intentions

Answer 29

used to obtain joint attention

Question 30

personal function of communication of intentions

Answer 30

used to express feelings/attitudes

Question 31

3 major communication skills

Answer 31

-use of language to greet, inform, request -changing and adapting language to different people/situations -following rules in conversations

Question 32

incidental learning of language

Answer 32

occurs in preschool stage learning words through conversation/experience, not direct instruction accounts for %

Question 33

relational terms

Answer 33

temporal dimensional quantitative object physical locative spatial kinship

Question 34

temporal relational term

Answer 34

before, after, until, since, next

Question 35

dimensional relational term

Answer 35

big/little, tall/short, thick/thin, high/low, small/big

Question 36

quantitative relational term

Answer 36

more, less

Question 37

object relational term

Answer 37

all gone, more

Question 38

physical relational term

Answer 38

hot/cold

Question 39

locative relational term

Answer 39

in, on, under, next to, behind

Question 40

spatial relational term

Answer 40

close/far, down, open, in front, behind, between

Question 41

kinship relational term

Answer 41

mother, father, brother, cousin

Question 42

inflectional morphemes

Answer 42

indicate grammatical meaning with plural/past tense/present tense

Question 43

derivational morphemes

Answer 43

uses prefixes and suffixes to indicate meaning

Question 44

syllable structure phonological process

Question 45

whole word phonological process

Answer 45

reduplication, final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, unstressed syllable omission

Question 46

substitution phonological process

Answer 46

subbing one phonemic class for another stopping, fronting,

Question 47

assimilation phonological process

Answer 47

production of speech sounds similar to another speech sound in a word regressive: succeeding sound progressive: proceeding sound

Question 48

open v closed syllables

Answer 48

open: end in vowel closed: end in consonant

Question 49

play is the

Answer 49

work of childhood

Question 50

cultural considerations in play

Answer 50

if parents play with child if child plays with toys and what toys if child watches tv while playing

Question 51

stages of syntactic development by age group

Answer 51

-As an infant, single word utterances are produced. This can be requests or observations such as “milk” or “doggy.” -By preschool, grammatical morphemes are produced by adding bound morphemes to free morphemes. These includes using present progressive verbs such as “I eating” and prepositions as in “put in cup.” -At school age/adolescence, derivational morphemes are produced, using prefixes and suffixes. This changes words from happy to happiness, paint to painter, or admit to admission. These words add to the complexity of sentences.

Question 52

syntax

Answer 52

rules for producing sentences

Question 53

pragmatics

Answer 53

use of language in social interactions/social rules

Question 54

semantics

Answer 54

how meaning is conveyed through words and sentences

Question 55

morphology

Answer 55

structure/organization of words

Question 56

phonology

Answer 56

contains rules for structure distribution and sequencing of speech sounds