test 1 study guide

Question 1

language

Answer 1

System of arbitrary symbols that is rule based, dynamic, generative, and used as a social tool in communication

Question 2

expressive vs receptive language

Answer 2

Expressive: ability to share thoughts and meanings through words

Receptive: ability to understand others’ spoken language (auditory comprehension)

Question 3

5 components of language

Answer 3

1. Phonology: how sounds are combined to make words
2. Morphology: how words and smaller units are combined to form other words
3. Semantics: how words correspond to things and events in the world; how language reflects a speaker’s intent or feelings
4. Syntax: how words are combined to express meaning in sentence structures
5. Pragmatics: use of language in different social interactions; rules for appropriate social interaction

Question 4

phonology

Answer 4

how sounds are combined to make words

Question 5

morphology

Answer 5

how words and smaller units are combined to form other words

Question 6

semantics

Answer 6

how words correspond to things and events in the world; how language reflects a speaker’s intent or feelings

Question 7

syntax

Answer 7

how words are combined to express meaning in sentence structures

Question 8

pragmatics

Answer 8

use of language in different social interactions; rules for appropriate social interaction

Question 9

communicative competence

Answer 9

Ability to communicate a message and understand concepts being communicated

Question 10

linguistic competence

Answer 10

Use of morphology, phonology, syntax, and semantics

Question 11

communication

Answer 11

Process of exchanging information about a speaker’s ideas, thoughts, feeling, needs, etc.; can be verbal, written, gestural

Question 12

encodes

Answer 12

Transmitting information

Question 13

decodes

Answer 13

Comprehending information

Question 14

paralinguistic cues

Answer 14

Affect (facial expression)
Word stress
Gesture (head nod)
Speech rate and rhythm
Posture
Volume or intensity
Physical (distance)
Pitch
Intonation (statement v question) Inflection

Question 15

Language Acquisition Device

Answer 15

The concept that infants have an instinctive mental capacity that enables them to acquire and produce language. Humans are born with an innate facility for acquiring language and without this, children would be unable to learn language as quickly as they do

Question 16

Language Acquisition theories

Answer 16

Speech Acts
Behavioral
Cognitive
Social Interaction
Emergentism
Principles and Parameters

Question 17

Speech Act Theory

Answer 17

Dore
theorizes language acquisition is based on semantic-pragmatic unit “speech acts”- label intent or meaning and result in an action

Consists of : utterances, questions, requests, promises, commands

Focused on communicative competence, not linguistic competence

3 stages: prelinguistic (development of cognition and affect) linguistic (1 word utterances) appearance of syntax

Question 18

Behavioral Theory

Answer 18

Skinner

language dev. is based on operant conditioning (+ or – rx)

Positive reinforcement given for developmentally appropriate utterances

Chaining used to produce longer sentences

Imitation plays a role in language development, especially ritualized acts

Question 19

Principles and Parameters Theory

Answer 19

Chomsky

language acquisition is based on innate structure in brain (LAD); language spoken in environment provides parameters for correct form

Principles: language general rules (apply to all languages)
Parameters: language specific rules (syntactic rules that vary with languages)

Question 20

Social Interaction Theory

Answer 20

language acquisition is based on social interactions and experience with language used in the environment (children possess desire to interact and adults or children with greater knowledge guide

Zone of Proximal Development: distance between what a child can do independently and level of potential development (retrospective-independent/prospective- learned with assistance)

Scaffolding: conversational recasts that add new information, but maintain meaning (extension, expansion, recasts, models)

Question 21

Cognitive Theory

Answer 21

Piaget

language acquisition and cognition are connected
Schemas (psychological structures) allow children to understand meaning of things in their environment

Question 22

Emergentism

Answer 22

language acquisition is based on emergent effect of these factors:

Cognition: (TOM) child’s understanding of speaker’s thoughts and feelings
Intention reading: understand goal and meaning associated with linguistic form
Pattern finding: sensitivities to regularities in language they hear

Social Interactions: child’s desire to interact

Pragmatic skills: methods of interaction during play and conversation
Attention factors: ability to focus on conversation or task

Question 23

scaffolds

Answer 23

conversational recasts that add new information, but maintain meaning (extension, expansion, recasts, models)

Question 24

3 stages of children’s language development

Answer 24

prelinguistic (development of cognition and affect)
linguistic (1 word utterances)
appearance of syntax

Question 25

primitive speech acts

Answer 25

Communicative intentions before development of language Labeling, answering a ?, requesting, greeting, repeating, protesting, calling

Question 26

zone of proximal development

Answer 26

distance between what a child can do independently and level of potential development (retrospective-independent/prospective- learned with assistance)

Question 27

operant conditoning

Answer 27

positive or negative reinforcement idea that if an action is positively reinforced, it it more likely to occur again

Question 28

Broca's Area

Answer 28

Located in left, front side of the brain by Borca Important for speech and language development as it activates articulators Associated with phonology, semantics, syntax, and motor control

Question 29

Wernicke's Area

Answer 29

Located in temporal lobe used in language comprehension and speech reception

Question 30

Neuroplasticity

Answer 30

Brain’s ability to grow and change when exposed to new information or experiences

Question 31

neurons

Answer 31

Basic functional unit of the nervous system that send/receives electrical signals

Question 32

soma

Answer 32

Body of the cell, maintains function and integrates and transmits information to cells

Question 33

axon

Answer 33

Projection of the nerve cell that conducts impulses FROM the neuron

Question 34

dendrite

Answer 34

Projection of the cell that gathers information and directs it TO the neuron

Question 35

myelin

Answer 35

White sheath that covers some nerve fibers; allows rapid transmission (50x faster)

Question 36

components of central nervous system

Answer 36

Brain and spinal cord

Question 37

components of peripheral nervous system

Answer 37

Spinal and cranial nerves (outside of spinal cord and brain)

Question 38

type of information that spinal nerves transmits

Answer 38

Motor and sensory information

Question 39

systems within the peripheral nervous system

Answer 39

Somatic nervous system: carries motor and sensory information (voluntary actions) Automatic nervous system: innervates muscles and glands for involuntary actions

Question 40

right side vs left side of the brain

Answer 40

Right: attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving functions: visual perception/processing, understanding and producing facial and voice emotion, attention and shifting attention Left: language, logical thought, critical thought, reasoning Functions: understanding and producing language, memory for spoken and written language

Question 41

four lobes on cerebrum

Answer 41

Frontal: motor, premotor, prefrontal Temporal: Wernike’s area, language processing and language comprehension Occipital: visual processing Parietal: somatosensory area, transmits spatial info to motor, sense of position, lang. comprehension, and spacial orientation

Question 42

Heschel's Gyrus

Answer 42

Primary auditory area that processes sound properties (freq. loudness, tone)

Question 43

Subcortical areas of the brain

Answer 43

1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Basal Ganglia 4. limbic system 5. Cerebellum

Question 44

role of the brainstem

Answer 44

Controls messages between brain and the rest of the body Medulla Oblongata: respiration to support vocal production Mid brain: relay station for visual and auditory information Pons: swallowing, hearing, facial expression, sensation

Question 45

thalamus

Answer 45

sensory integrator that conveys sensory and motor information to and from cerebral cortex; responsible for sleep, emotion, and arousal

Question 46

hypothalamus

Answer 46

basic functions (eating, temperature, etc.)

Question 47

basal ganglia

Answer 47

motor control of muscle tone and posture; organization and guidance for motor functions

Question 48

limbic system

Answer 48

self-preservation, memory, olfaction

Question 49

cerebellum

Answer 49

motor control for connected speech efforts; coordinates respiration, articulation, and phonatory muscles