Test 2 week 4 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
what is the number of coccygeal somites
A
ten
2
Q
what is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx
A
4 segments
3
Q
when is ossification of coccyx completed
A
about age 30
4
Q
what is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments
A
from caudal to cranial the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2
5
Q
what is the direction of the coccygeal curve
A
posterior (kyphotic)
6
Q
what is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx
A
flexion extension, 5-20 degrees
7
Q
how many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus
A
typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present
8
Q
how many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult
A
typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult
9
Q
what forms the coccygeal nerve plexus
A
s4,5 and C01 nerves
10
Q
what is the ganglion impar
A
a midline sypathetic ganglion
11
Q
what innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body
A
both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are identified
12
Q
what muscles attach to the coccyx
A
ischiococcygeus and levator ani
13
Q
what joint classifications are present for coccyx
A
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
14
Q
what forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen
A
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament, ntercornual ligament
15
Q
what forms the anterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen
A
vertebral body of S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
16
Q
superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward upward and medial
A
C1, C3-7, L1-5, S1
17
Q
Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward upward and lateral
A
C2, T1-T12
18
Q
inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward medial and downward
A
C1
19
Q
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward lateral and downward
A
C2-6, T12, L1-5,
20
Q
inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward medial and downward
A
C7, T1-11
21
Q
which segment has the only inferior articular facet to fave backward
A
C1
22
Q
what directions will all superior articular facets face?
A
backward and upward
23
Q
which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “concave”
A
c1, L1-5, S1 superior articular facets
24
Q
which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “convex”
A
T12, L1-5 inferior articular facets
25
what is the definition of spondylosis
a certebral condition
26
what is the definition of spondylolysis
a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage
27
what is the definition of spondylolithesis
a vertebral slippage
28
what is the current limited definition of spondylosis
a vertebral condition that is acquired or age related
29
what is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal
a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)
30
what is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population
a range of 2.6% to 10%
31
what is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolyisis
the native Alaskan Inuit population
32
what does the lumbar spondylolysis appear to be related to
the uniquely human upright stance or erect posture
33
what is the gender bias and location bias associated with lumbar spondylolyisis
met at L5/S1; woment at L4/L5
34
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?
fetuses, newborns,rarely in children under five years old, patients who have neer walked an in non erect species
35
Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics
a familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitice stress on the spine
36
what is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis
10-20 year olds
37
what activities are particularyly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae
gymnastics, dance and soccer
38
what fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis
fivrocartilagenous material
39
what name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis
spondylolysis ligament
40
what types of neural functions have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament
nociception,neurmodulation and autonomic function
41
what is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique xray view
a scotty dog
42
what is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebrae upon oblique xray view
a collared scotty dog
43
in an oblique xray view spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the scotty dog
the neck of the Scotty dog
44
what part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a scotty dog
the pedicle
45
what part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a scotty dog
the superior articular process
46
what par of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a scotty dog
the transverse process
47
what characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
48
what characteristics are associated with sacral spondylolysis
rare in general population, within typical percents in the native Alaskan (Inuit) population, seems to be acquired, gender biased toward men, most common at S1 and linked to activities such as kayaking and harpooning
49
what is the incidence of sacral spondylolysis in teh general population
its rare
50
is sacral spondylolysis the result of congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age related condition
it seems to be acquired
51
what is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis
the native alaskan (inuit) male at the S1 level
52
identify all names given to type III spondylolisthesis
degenerative spondylolisthesis
53
what is the locational bias of type 1 spondylolisthesis
L5 or upper sacral segments
54
what additional conditions are linked to type 1 spondylolisthesis
spina bifida occulta and nerve root compression of the S1 nerve
55
which subtype of type II spondylolisthesis is stressed in spinal
lytic spondylolisthesis or stress fracture induced spondlolisthesis
56
what is the cause most frequently given for type 2 spondylolisthesis
micro-fractures as the result of repetitive stress during hyperflexion and rotation
57
what is the age group typically associated with type 2 spondylolisthesis
teenagers or young adults
58
what is the gender bias locational bias and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at the L4/5 and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
59
what is the gender bias locational bias and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type II spondylolisthesis
isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase i sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
60
what causes type IV spondylolisthesis
fracture of the neural arch components
61
what are the causes associated with type V spondylolisthesis
bone diseases such as Paget disease or Osteogenesis imperfecta
62
what determines the length of the intervertebral foramen
the width of the pedicle
63
what is the average height of the intervertebral foramen
about 13 mm
64
what percent of total vertebral column length does "true" intervertebral foramina height from C2-S1 equal
40%
65
what are generic contents of the intervertebral foramen
neural tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, lymphatic tissue
66
what are medullary feeder arteries
enlarged radicular arteries which join the arterial vasa corona to provide blood for the spinal cord
67
what is the name of the larges medullary feeder artery
the artery of Adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior
68
what ar the characteristics of the artery of Adamkiewicz
is is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery located in the T9/10 sintervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
69
what venous plexus lies next to the posterior longitudinal ligament
the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
70
what will the intervertebral veins drain into
the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus
71
what is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column
they appear to lack valves
72
what size lymphatic vessels lie in the intervertebral foramen
medium sized lymphatics
73
what types of connective tissue will be present in the intervertebral foramen
adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue
74
what parts of the cervical vertebra will modify the intervertebral foramen
the lateral groove and uncinate process
75
what happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the intervertebral foramen
they descend along the spinal cord
76
what is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics
the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord but the cross sectional area of the nerve root decreases
77
what is the relationship between aging and cervical spine interertebral foramen size
the cross sectional area diminishes after age 50
78
what are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve
the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse barand the vertebral artery
79
what contrbutes to the anterior boundary of the thoracic intervertebral foramen
the costocentral joint
80
which are the largest spinal nerves
L5 and S1
81
what increases the length of the intervertebral foramen at L%
the lumbosacral tunnel
82
what forms the lumosacral tunnel
the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L% and sacral ala
83
what condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve
the far out syndrome
84
what ligament may contribute to the loss of size in the lumbar intervertebral foramen
the transforaminal ligament
85
what is the relationship between intervertebral disc herniation and lumbar spinal nerves
the intervertebral disc above the intervertebral foramen is usually a source of damage
86
what is unusual about the sacral intervertebral foramen compared to other intervertebral foramina
a completely osseous boundary exists
87
what is more likely the cause of nerve irritation at the sacral intervertebral forament
the tilt or position of the entire sacrum relative to the pelvis
88
what is the relationship of lumbar nerve root size to intervertebral foramen size above L4
the nerve root size will account for less than 22% of the available size
89
what is unique about the relationship of spinal nerve to intervertebral foramen at S5-Co1
there are two nerves present the S5 nerve and the Co1 nerve
90
what are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body
tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis
91
what are examples of osteophyte formation that influence the intervertebral foramen
the bony spurs of the vertebral body and para articular processes on the lamina
92
what are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curvesidentified in class
obesity pregnancy and the use of heavy backpacks
93
what embryonic event causes the direction of the posterior curve of the vertebral column
the embryonic disc will undergo flexion in a cranial to caudal direction
94
why is the posterior curve also called the primary curve
it is the first curve to appear embryologically
95
what are the adult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column
the thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve
96
what are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column
anterior curve, secondary curve, compensatory curbe
97
what are the names of the anterior curves secondary curves and compensatory curves
cervical curve and lumbar curve
98
what segmental levels form the cervical curve
C2-T1
99
what segmental levels form the lumbar curve
T12-L5
100
what is the earliest time of appearance of the cervical curve
the third fetal month
101
what is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be
during the last trimester in utero
102
what is the time during which the adult cervical curve will appear
within the first year after birth
103
what developmental events are indicatied in the formation of the adult cervical curve
1. centers for vision and equilibrium willl appear in the brain
2. musculature attaching the skull cervical region and upper thorax together develops
3. the head is held upright
4. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
104
at what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect
usually between the third and fourth month after birth
105
what is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect
the righting reflex
106
what is the location for the apex of the cervical curve
between C4 and C5
107
what is the location for the cervical kyphosis
between occiput and C1
108
what is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement
cervical curve=C2-T1
| cervical enlargement=C3-T1
109
what is the time of appearance of the lumbar curvve
between 12 and 18 months after birth
110
what infant activities are associated with development of the lumbar curve
crawling and walking
111
what developmental events are indicated int the formation of the addult lumbar curve
1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for swayback of the lumbars
3. IVD height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
4. walking will further promote muscel and intervertebral disc development
112
which sense is required for holding the head erect while standing sitting and walking
vision
113
what is the gender bias associated with the lumbar curve convexity
females have greater convexity of the lumbar curve
114
what is the vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement
the lumbar curve T12-L5 lumbar enlargement=T9-T12
115
what is the time of appearance of the lateral curves
they appear after 6 years old
116
what is the relationship between curve direction and handedness
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
