Week 2 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What is an example of the slightest type of osseous linear elevation?
A
Transverse lines of sternum
2
Q
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
A
Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus
3
Q
What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?
A
A hammerhead like elevation on the surface of bone
4
Q
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
A
Spine and process
5
Q
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
A
Patella and pisiform
6
Q
What are the Types of osseous linear elevations?
A
The line, ridge, crest
7
Q
What is an example of the slightest type of osseous linear elevation
A
Transverse lines of sternum
8
Q
What is the definition of the osseous elevation called spine?
A
A thorn like elevation from the surface of bone
9
Q
What is the definition of an osseous process?
A
A relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length
10
Q
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
A
Linear and rounded depressions
11
Q
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
A
Notch or incisure, groove and sulcus
12
Q
What is the definition of an osseous groove?
A
A long furrow of variable depth on the surface of bone
13
Q
What is the definition of an osseous sulcus?
A
a wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone
14
Q
what are the categories of rounded osseous depresions?
A
the fovea and fossa
15
Q
what is the definition of an osseous fovea?
A
a shallow depression of various circumference on the surface of bone
16
Q
what is the definition of an osseous fossa?
A
a deep depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone
17
Q
what are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
A
ostium or orifice and hiatus
18
Q
what is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
A
an irregular opening on the surface of bone
19
Q
What are the names given to osseous Ostia which completely penetrate bone?
A
Foramen or canal
20
Q
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
A
An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
21
Q
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
A
An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
22
Q
What is the name of an ostium that doesn’t completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind ended passageway?
A
Meatus
23
Q
What is an additional example of an opening in bone?
A
Fissure
24
Q
What are the categories of osseous facets?
A
Flat facets and rounded facets
25
What are examples of a flat osseous facet?
Articular facets of most zygapophyses of the vertebral column
26
What are categories of rounded osseous facets?
Articular heads and articular condyles
27
I hat is the definition of an osseous condyle?
A knuckle shaped surface on bone fir osseous articulation
28
What bones form the axial skeleton?
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
29
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
The cranium
30
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
Calvaria or calva
31
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
32
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8
33
How many bones form the facial skeleton? Sphlancnocranium or visceral skeleton?
14
34
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
The spine
35
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24
36
What is the definition of "spine" as it pertains to the vertebral column?
The presacral region of the vertebral column
37
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
38
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
The manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process
39
How many pairs of ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pairs 24 ribs
40
What term is used to identify the study of joints?
Arthrology
41
What term is used for the study of ligaments?
Syndesmology
42
What are the three histological classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid
43
What are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential?
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis
44
Which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition?
Syndesmosis
45
What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?
Synchondrosis
46
What is the classification of a joint held together by a growth condition?
Symphysis
47
What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone?
Synostosis
48
What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closing of the mouth?
Malocclusion
49
What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis?
Interosseous ligament
50
What are examples of typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?
Most of the ligament out joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacro-iliac joints
51
What are the characteristics of (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
They are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longetivity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template.
52
What are examples of temporary cartilage joints?
Metaphysics, neuro-central joint neural arch joint and Chondocranium
53
What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
Costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
54
Which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary?
(Amphiarthrosis) symphysis
55
What type of cartilage is a characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
Fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
56
What are the characteristics of (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
Limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more prominent in longetivity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
57
What are the classic examples of (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphyses and symphyses menti
58
Which example of (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
Symphysis menti
59
What are four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
Articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
60
Thickening of fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the_____.
Capsular ligament
61
What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament?
Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
62
What are the characteristics of type 1 articular receptors?
Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint "At rest"
63
What are the characteristics of type2 articular receptors?
Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitors the joint during normal range of motion
64
What are the characteristics of type 3 articular receptors?
Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
65
What is the function of type 4 articular receptors?
Nociceptive, they monitor pain
66
Type 4a articular receptors would be present in what locations?
Fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
67
Type 4b articular receptors would be present in what locations?
Accessory ligaments in general, dense in posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
68
Type 4 articular receptors would be absent in what parts of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint?
Synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs
69
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
1 synovial villi
2) articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
70
What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane?
Aid in spreading synovial fluid
71
What is the apparent function of synovial villi? The finger like extensions of synovial membrane
Increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion-absorption phenomena
72
Where are the articular fat pads located?
In the fibrous layer of the synovial membrane, they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intra-articular disc
73
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
Lumbar zygapophyses
74
Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joint examples?
Temporomandbular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
75
Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
Femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses
76
What are the layers of synovial membrane?
Outer fibrous and inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima
77
What are specific functions of type A synovial cells?
They are phagocytic
78
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
79
What are primary constituents of articular cartilage?
Water, cells, collagen type 2 fibers and a proteoglycan gel
80
What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
Form a network for water retention
81
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
Cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly a time independent property
82
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly a time dependent property
83
Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
Weeping theory
84
Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from synovial fluid increased viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
Boosted theory
85
Which theory of joint lubriction implies an ADSORPTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for low friction observed during movement?
Boundary theory
86
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
It is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
87
Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Hyaluronate
88
Which substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Lubricin
89
What is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)
Only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed
90
What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
More than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint
91
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
Within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are departed by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
92
What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthrosis) based on types of movement?
Nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial joints
93
What movements are accommodated by nonaxial synovial joints?
Translational movement a plane gliding movement
94
What morphological classifications of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
Plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
95
What movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints?
A single combination of movements relative to single axis flexion-extension or medial rotation lateral rotation
96
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as uniaxial?
Hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (disrthrosis trochoid)
97
What movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints?
Mov meant in two independent planes at right angles to each other flexion-extension combined with abduction - adduction
98
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(Diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
99
What movements are are accommodated by multiaxial synovial joints
Flexion - extension abduction - adduction medial rotation - lateral rotation circumduction and even translation
100
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
Ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid), are all classifications given to the same type of joint
101
What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?
Most zygapophyses of the vertebral column inter carpal, carpometcarpal and intermetcrpal joints of the hand, intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joint of the foot
102
What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?
Humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes
103
What are examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint?
Median Atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
