Week 1

Question 1

The function of each cell type

Answer 1

Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that form bone.
Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain or nurture bone.
Osteoclasts remodel bone

Question 2

What types of glycosaminoglycans dominate in bone

Answer 2

Chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate and hyaluronic acid

Question 3

What is wolff’s law as it pertains to bone

Answer 3

Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

Question 4

What is osteology

Answer 4

The study of bone

Question 5

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 5

An amorphous Matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 6

What is the primary constituent of ground substance?

Answer 6

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

What is the principle type of protein fiber in bone? Cartilage?

Answer 7

Bone=type 1

Cartilage=type 2

Question 8

What is the primary constituent of bone mineral

Answer 8

Calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

Question 9

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 9

Hydroxyapatite

Question 10

Bone is also a repository for what additional ions?

Answer 10

Sodium, magnesium, fluoride, Lead, strontium, and radium

Question 11

What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as living?

Answer 11

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

Question 12

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

Answer 12

Mesenchyme or cartilage

Question 13

What is the name of the pattern of ossification in Mesenchyme?

Answer 13

Intramembranous ossification

Question 14

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 14

From the second to third month in utero

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 15

Endochondral ossification

Question 16

What is the timing of the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 16

From the second to fifth month in utero

Question 17

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification

Answer 17

Chondocranium

Question 18

Which bones of the appendicular skeleton is formed from intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Answer 18

Clavicle

Question 19

What are the names given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 19

Primary centers of ossification appear before birth and secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 20

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas on bone density?

Answer 20

Cortical or compact bone and spongy bone,cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 21

What is the name given to bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 21

Subchondral bone

Question 22

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone

Answer 22

Periosteum

Question 23

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 23

Endosteum

Question 24

What are the primary sources of variation in bone?

Answer 24

Sexual dimorphism (gender variation), 
Ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation) geographic or population based variation (ethnic variation), and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 25

What are the six most commonly used classifications of normal bone?

Answer 25

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones.

Question 26

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal 2?

Answer 26

Heterotopic and accessory bone

Question 27

What is the name of bone formed in non-bone location?

Answer 27

Heterotopic bone

Question 28

What is the name of bone formed from an existing bone?

Answer 28

Accessory bone

Question 29

What are names given to parts of long bones?

Answer 29

Diaphysis (shaft and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

Question 30

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

Answer 30

They are essentially cuboidal

Question 31

What are examples of short bones?

Answer 31

Most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

Question 32

What are flat bones?

Answer 32

A thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Question 33

What are examples of flat bones?

Answer 33

Parietal bone and sternum

Question 34

What are examples of pneumatic bones

Answer 34

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal

Question 35

What bones contain paranasal sinuses

Answer 35

Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid. | Not temporal although it is a pneumatic bone

Question 36

What is the characteristic of a sesamoid bone?

Answer 36

The bone develops within a tendon

Question 37

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

Answer 37

Calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

Question 38

What are examples of accessory bone

Answer 38

Para-articular processes and bony Spurs of vertebrae

Question 39

What are four basic surface feature categories?

Answer 39

Elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways, and facets

Question 40

The three primary cell types of bone

Answer 40

Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts