Test 2 Wk 1

Question 1

What features are lacking at C1

Answer 1

Vertebral body, pedicle, a spinous process and an intervertebral disc

Question 2

What muscle attached to the anterior arch of c1

Answer 2

Longus colli

Question 3

What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of c1

Answer 3

The anterior longitudinal anterior Atlanto-occipital and anterior Atlanto-axial ligaments

Question 4

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of c1

Answer 4

They are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

Question 5

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of c1

Answer 5

The fovea dentis

Question 6

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of c1

Answer 6

Backwards upward medial

Question 7

What is the joint classification of the Atlanto-occipital zygapophysis

Answer 7

Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint

Question 8

What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of c1

Answer 8

Asymmetrical slightly concave or flattened

Question 9

Orientation of inferior articular facet of c1?

Answer 9

Backward medial downward

Question 10

What is the synovial joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis

Answer 10

Synovial plane/diarthrosis arthrodial joint

Question 11

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of c1?

Answer 11

Tubercle for the transverse Atlantal ligament

Question 12

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of c1

Answer 12

Levator scapulae, splendid cervicis and rectus capitis anterior

Question 13

What is the contribution of the posterior arch to the circumference of c1

Answer 13

About 40%

Question 14

What part of c1 represents the spinous process?

Answer 14

Posterior tubercle of the posterior arch

Question 15

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender

Answer 15

Makes: fifty millimeters; females about 37 millimeters

Question 16

What attached to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of c1

Answer 16

Rectus Capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

Question 17

What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of c1 are present?

Answer 17

Groove sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim

Question 18

What attaches to the arcuate rim of c1

Answer 18

The posterior Atlanto-occipital ligament

Question 19

Ossification of the free margin of the posterior Atlanto-occiptial results in which atypical bone classification

Answer 19

Accessory bone

Question 20

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior Atlanta-occipital ligament is observed?

Answer 20

About age 7

Question 21

What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior Atlanto-occipital ligament

Answer 21

A partial or complete ponticulus posticus

Question 22

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus

Answer 22

Kimmerle’s anomaly

Question 23

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus

Answer 23

Arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

Question 24

Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?

Answer 24

All ethnic populations studies so far

Question 25

What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied

Answer 25

1-41%

Question 26

What is the gender bias now associated with the ponticulus posticus

Answer 26

Female

Question 27

What is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus

Answer 27

The incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about fifteen percent; and the incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as 41%

Question 28

What joint classification may be observed on the posterior arch of c1

Answer 28

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint

Question 29

What is the location of the zygapophysis relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial IVF?

Answer 29

t forms part of the anterior boundary of the IVF in bothe cases

Question 30

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of c1

Answer 30

Costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

Question 31

What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at c1

Answer 31

The anterior tubercle and the costotransverse bar

Question 32

What muscles attach to the transverse process of c1

Answer 32

Rectus Capitis anterior, rectus Capitis lateral is, middle scalene, Levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus Capitis superior, obliquus Capitis inferior, and intertransversarii muscles

Question 33

What suboccipital muscles are known to have facial projections attaching to the spinal dura

Answer 33

Rectus Capitis posterior minor and major, and obliquus Capitis inferior

Question 34

What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and spinal dura called?

Answer 34

Myodural bridges

Question 35

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

Answer 35

The lateral mass and the transverse to get fess of atlas

Question 36

What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

Answer 36

The retrotransverse foramen

Question 37

What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

Answer 37

The vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck

Question 38

Which of the pontincles of atlas is only observed in humans?

Answer 38

Lateral bridges

Question 39

What is observed in the transverse foramen of c1

Answer 39

Vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

Question 40

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of c1?

Answer 40

Make78 mm females=72mm

Question 41

Is there a gender variation for the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of c1 to the skin?

Answer 41

Not a significant one

Question 42

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of c1 to the skin for each gender

Answer 42

A little over 30 mm for both male and female

Question 43

What joint classifications are observed at c1

Answer 43

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot/diarthrosis tri hood, and synovial plane/diarthrosis arthrodial joint

Question 44

How many sunovial joint surfaces are observed at c1

Answer 44

5

Question 45

Name of first cervical vertebrae

Answer 45

Atlas

Question 46

What names are given to c2

Answer 46

Axis or epistropheus

Question 47

What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of c2

Answer 47

The dens or Odontoceti process

Question 48

What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of c2

Answer 48

Facet for fovea dentis, grove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical dental ligament

Question 49

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse Atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical dental alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?

Answer 49

Lordotic dens

Question 50

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse Atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical dental alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?

Answer 50

Kyphotic dens

Question 51

How many hoints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of c2

Answer 51

Five

Question 52

What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of c2?

Answer 52

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous/amphiarthrosis symphysis

Question 53

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of c2?

Answer 53

10

Question 54

What joint classifications are presents at the vertebral body of c2

Answer 54

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trocho is) modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous/amphiarthrosis symphysis

Question 55

What ligaments will attach posteriorly to the inferior epiphyseal rim of c2

Answer 55

Membrana tectorial and posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 56

What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above c2

Answer 56

Membrana tectoria

Question 57

What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below c2

Answer 57

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 58

What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of c2

Answer 58

The superior articular process

Question 59

What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of c2

Answer 59

On the lamina-pedicle junction

Question 60

What attaches to the lamina of c2

Answer 60

Obliquus Capitis inferior muscle, posterior Atlanto-axial ligament, and ligamentum flavum

Question 61

What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facets of c2

Answer 61

Backward upward lateral (BUL)

Question 62

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of c2?

Answer 62

Forward lateral and downward (FoLD)

Question 63

What myscle attaches to the articular processes of c2

Answer 63

Longissimus cervicis

Question 64

What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse Process are present at c2

Answer 64

Costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process

Question 65

what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of c2

Answer 65

Male=57 mm females50 mm

Question 66

What muscles attach to the transverse process at c2

Answer 66

Levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and intertransversarii

Question 67

What is the characteristic appearance of the c2 spinous process in humans?

Answer 67

Bifid

Question 68

What muscles attach to the spinous process of c2

Answer 68

Rectus Capitis posterior major, obliquus Capitis inferior, spinal is cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles

Question 69

What names may be given to c7? Only c7?

Answer 69

Vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence | Only c7=vertebral prominens

Question 70

What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?

Answer 70

Vertebral prominence

Question 71

What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than c7 becoming the vertebral prominence?

Answer 71

C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males

Question 72

What joint surfaces are present at the superior margin of the vertebral body of c7?

Answer 72

Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes, cancellous bone

Question 73

What joint surfaces are present at the inferior margin of the vertebral body of c7?

Answer 73

The anterior and posterior margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim, cancellous bone

Question 74

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of c7?

Answer 74

Eight

Question 75

what joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 75

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified syndovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar joint)

Question 76

how many synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 76

two

Question 77

what synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 77

the right and left uncinate processes

Question 78

what muscle attaches to the vertebral body of c7

Answer 78

longus colli muscle

Question 79

what features are typically present in the transverse foramen of c7

Answer 79

vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers,

Question 80

what muscles attach to the transverse rocess of c7?

Answer 80

middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators and intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

Question 81

what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of c7?

Answer 81

backward upward and medial (BUM)

Question 82

what is the orientation of the inferior articular faet of C7

Answer 82

forward medial and downward (ForMeD)

Question 83

What muscles will attach to the articular process of c7

Answer 83

longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis

Question 84

what muscles attach to the spinous process of c7?

Answer 84

trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

Question 85

what ligaments attach to the spinous process of c7?

Answer 85

ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments

Question 86

the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger>

Answer 86

the left vertebral artery

Question 87

what is the gender bias regarding the size of the vertebral arter

Answer 87

men have larger vertebral arteries

Question 88

what was the name of the physical exam used to determine verebral artery patency

Answer 88

the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test

Question 89

which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

Answer 89

the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation

Question 90

what are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam

Answer 90

dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints

Question 91

the vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery

Answer 91

the subclavian artery

Question 92

typically at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen

Answer 92

c6

Question 93

at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen

Answer 93

both c1 and c2

Question 94

what is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between c2 , c1 and occiput

Answer 94

the increased length will accomodate greater rotation at these locations

Question 95

what happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at c1

Answer 95

the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery

Question 96

what artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?

Answer 96

the basilar artery