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Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Type of cellular reproduction for Archaea and bacteria

A

Binary fission (asexual)

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2
Q

Eukaryotes have to Types of cell reproduction.

A

Mitotic and meiotic cell devision

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3
Q

Somatic (body) cells

A

Mitotic cell devision

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4
Q

Sex cells

  • sperm
  • eggs
  • pollen
A

Meiotic cell devision

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5
Q

-asexual reproduction
-split into two separate cells
-most basic form of cell division.
:cells copy DNA then divide
:can happen every 20min under optimal conditions

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

-mats of bacteria

The plaque on your teeth

A

Biofilms

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7
Q

When bacterial density reaches a certain level behavior changes
– Bioluminescence in bobtail squid (Vibrio fisheri)

A

Quorum sensing

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8
Q

Why do tropical regions specialize in spicy food?
• Many peppers have antimicrobial properties
• Refrigerators are a relatively new invention
• Spices help repel bacteria which grow better in hot climates
• Try eating some spicy food when you’re sick

A

Spicy food

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9
Q

– Nuclear division => Mitosis (technically)

– Cellular division => Cytokinesis

A

Eukaryotes: Mitotic Cell Division

• Definition?

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10
Q

– Development (differentiation of cell types)
• Cells differentiate due to gene expression
– Growth (increases in cell number)
• Note this is one way to grow, not the only way
– Repair and maintenance of tissues
– Asexual reproduction in some organisms

A

Eukaryotes: Mitotic Cell Division

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11
Q 
• Theformationofoffspring without the union of male and female gametes
• Whymightthisbeuseful?
– Nature has been practicing cloning for millions of years
• Protists
• Sponges
• Hydra and other Cnidarians 
• Echinoderms (sea stars)
• Some plants
• Some lizard species...
A

Eukaryotes: Asexual Reproduction

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12
Q

• Interphase accounts for __% of the cell cycle

A

90

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13
Q

The Mitotic phase includes ________ and _________.

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

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14
Q 
Cell growth (G1)
Division preparation
A

Interphase

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15
Q

Produce proteins and cytoplasmic organelles

A

Cell growth (G1)

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16
Q

– Copies chromosomes (S phase)

– Prepares for cell division (G2 phase)

A

Division preparation

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17
Q

Copies chromosomes

A

S phase

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18
Q

Preparation for cell devision

A

G2 phase

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19
Q

The genetic information of a cell – Entire DNA of cell or organism

A

Genome

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20
Q

is the DNA/Histonecomplex – The yarn

A

Chromatin

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21
Q

are portions of DNA+histones – Specific portions of chromatin

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

are pairs of IDENTICAL chromosomes
– Term used for mitosis/meiosis
– NOT the same thing as homologous chromosomes
• 1 Mom/1Dad chromosome vs. 2 Mom chromosomes

A

Chromatids

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23
Q

– Happens at Chromatin stage

A

• DNA duplication/DNA synthesis

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24
Q

Afterduplication
– Chromatin condenses into smaller packages
– Double the DNA

A

Chromosomes

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25
– Made of two chromatids
Duplicated Chromosome
26
``` Every species has a characteristic chromosome number (n) – Humans __ pairs – Chimps __ pairs – Fruit fly __ pairs – Dogs have __ pairs ```
23 24 4 39
27
DNA strands are long – Up to _ feet in humans – Per cell!
6
28
When the cell carries out it’s functions, replicates it’s DNA, and grows
Interphase
29
Stage of mitosis when chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form
Prophase
30
Of meiosis 1, when chromosomes condense and become visible, and crossing over occurs
Prophase 1
31
Meiosis 2, when chromosomes condense and become visible
Prophase 2
32
Stage of mitosis, when the nuclear membrane breaks up and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
Prometaphase
33
Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are aligned down the center of a cell
Metaphase
34
Meiosis 1, when homologous chromosome pairs align down the center of a cell
Metaphase 1
35
Meiosis 2, when replicated chromosomes align down the center of a cell
Metaphase 2
36
Stage of mitosis in which the spindle pulls sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase
37
Meiosis 1, when spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase 1
38
Meiosis 2, when centromeres split and spindle fibers pull sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase 2
39
Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and nuclear envelopes form
Telophase
40
Meiosis 1, when homologs arrive at opposite poles
Telophase 1
41
Meiosis 2, when chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and nuclear envelopes form
Telophase 2
42
Destruction of cytoplasm into daughter cells in cell division
Cytokinesis
43
Occurs during telophase – After chromosomes have divided Vesicles from the Golgi unite at the metaphase plate Form Cell Plate Membranes fuse and grow towards existing cell wall Contents in vesicles form new cell wall
Cytokinesis in plant cells.
44
– Produce all their eggs by age 0 – Cells arrested at meiosis I until puberty – Less than 400 viable eggs produced in lifetime – Largest human cell • Visible with naked eye
Female gametes
45
– Produce roughly 85 million sperm a day – Can produce 1 quadrillion in a lifetime (1011) – ~200 million per ejaculation • Most die instantly – The individual male is biologically superfluous
Male gametes
46
____ do not respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms ___ may not need growth factors to grow and divide – They may make their own growth factor – They may convey a growth factor’s signal without the presence of the growth factor – They may have an abnormal cell cycle control system
Cancer cells
47
A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process called
Transformation
48
Masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue
Tumor
49
______ invade surrounding tissues and can __________, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form additional tumors
Malignant tumors | Metastasize
50
are cancer-causing genes
Oncogenes
51
are the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell growth and division
Proto-oncogenes
52
____ genes help prevent uncontrolled cell growth | – p53 is an example
Tumor-suppressor
53
– Repair damaged DNA – Control cell adhesion – Inhibit the cell cycle in the cell-signaling pathway
Tumor-suppressor proteins
54
When chromosomes or chromatids are separated they are
disjoined
55
If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I, ___ gametes will be affected.
ALL
56
If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis II, only ___ of the gametes will be affected.
1/2
57
– a way of visualizing the chromosomes of an individual - number - appearance
Karyotypes
58
are often used to diagnose conditions before a child is born.
karyotypes
59
Cells are harvested from the amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus
amniocentesis procedure
60
A special stain called _____ stain is used to visualize the band on chromosomes
Giemsa
61
– 22 autosomes | – 1 Y chromosome – 1 X chromosome
Human males
62
- 22 autosomes | - 2 X chromosomes
Human females
63
Autism is also known as
Also known as trisomy 21
64
There are several conditions due to abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes:
-Triple X syndrome – Klinefelters – Turners
65
Researchers can also use _______ ______ _____ to more easily distinguish between the chromosomes
multicolored fluorescent tags
66
____ what the organism looks like • Genetic cause • Environmental cause
Phenotype
67
What genes you actually have
Genotype
68
– Raw material for Evolution by Natural Selection
Genetic variation
69
– Austrian Monk – First to systematically record genetic studies – *Formulated fundamental principles of genetics – Without knowing about DNA or meiosis! – Chuck never read his work
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
70
-Have male and female parts in same flower • Can self-fertilize • Possess many variable traits • Can be easily grown and manipulated
Why Mendel chose garden peas
71
* Monohybrid cross * Dihybrid cross * Mendel actually performed many more types
Two Types of Experiments Mendel performed
72
• Cross between 2 true- breeding plants that differ in 1 trait
Monohybrid crosses
73
``` ____:Two copies of same allele – ______ dominant = PP – ____ recessive = pp – *References specific allele type • *__________ dominant for “X” allele ```
Homozygous
74
______: one dominant, one recessive allele present | – Pp
Heterozygous
75
• A mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci – Typically, this means individuals that are hybrid at each of two loci – But could be two true breeding individuals • R=round seed, r=wrinkled • Y=yellow seed, y=green
Dihybrid Cross
76
• What is the phenotypic ratio of F2? – ___ possible combinations –______ ratio
4 | 9:3:3:1
77
– Allele pairs segregate independently of others | – *R doesn’t always pair with Y (it could pair with y)
Mendel’s principle of independent assortment
78
• Alleles on homologous chromosomes separate into gametes
Law of segregation
79
• Allele pairs separate from others independently.
Law of independent assortment
80
Closer genes are on a _____ more likely they are inherited together
chromosome
81
• Heterozygotes have an appearance in between the parent types • Dominant trait “diminished” -often a dosage issue
Incomplete Dominance
82
``` • Different from incomplete dominance – Dominant trait at >100% • Both dominant alleles expressed – Traits at 100% – Not enough ‘space” to completely take over ```
Codominance
83
A single gene affects more than one phenotypic trait
Pleiotropy
84
– Mutations in one gene that codes for a specific enzyme – Mental retardation – Reduced hair and skin pigmentation – Autosomal recessive trait
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
85
* The presence of an allele at one gene affects the expression of a different gene * Hair color in in different species is a common example
Epistasis
86
• Multiple Genes one trait – Additive effect | – Opposite of Pleiotropy – Skin color & Height
Polygenic Inheritance
87
• Sex chromosomes carry other genes also – *Not related to gender determination • Genes usually located on X-chromosome – No corresponding gene on the Y-chromosome • Males inherit the gene only through their mother – Will always express same phenotype – Father’s genotype doesn’t matter
Sex-linkage
88
Examples of X-linked traits, All are recessive traits • Most common in males – They only need to inherit one copy
– Red-green colorblindness – Hemophilia – Duchenne muscular dystrophy
89
* In mammalian females, one of the two X chromosomes in each cell is randomly inactivated during embryonic development * The inactive X condenses into a ________ ________ * If a female is heterozygous for a particular gene located on the X chromosome, she will be a mosaic for that character
X Inactivation in Female Mammals | Barr body

Biology (5 decks)

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