Flashcards in Chapter 4 Deck (99):
1
When all members of a species die
Extinction
2
the pace at which species go extinct due to gradually changing environments.
Most extinctions occur as part of this.
Background extinction rate
3
Earth has witnessed five ___________ in the last 600 million years. During these periods, many species went extinct in a short time.
mass extinctions
4
suggests that meteorites or comets caused some mass extinctions.
The debris suspended in the atmosphere after a collision dramatically changed the environment, leading to the extinction of many species.
Impact theory
5
(Earth’s shifting land masses) also might explain mass extinctions.
Plate tectonics
6
= early life
= age of dinosaurs
= era of mammals
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
7
= the cretaceous (K) – tertiary (T) boundary
The KT boundary
8
A layer of sediment containing high levels of iridium
The K-T boundary
9
the study of interactions between biotic and abiotic elements
Ecology
10
All living components
Biotic
11
Nonliving elements
• temperature, light, water, minerals, air
Abiotic
12
A group of organisms inhabiting the same area
Population
13
:an individual living thing
Organism
14
: the study of how populations interact and change in response to their environment
Population ecology
15
: the study of organismal adaptations that allow it to live in its environment
Organismal ecology
16
: interacting populations that inhabit a particular area
Community
17
: the study of population interactions and how these dynamics affect community structure
Community ecology
18
: the nonliving environment and all the living organisms within a certain area
Ecosystem
19
: the study of energy flow and nutrient cycling in a given environment
Ecosystem ecology
20
: the global ecosystem
– All of the ecosystems on the planet
– Most complex level in the ecological hierarchy • Atmosphere down to the deepest ocean depths
Biosphere
21
– Immediate responses to environmental changes – May be behavioral or physical
– Short term and quickly altered
Thermoregulation
22
– Longer term responses
– Reversible
– Includes thicker fur in winter (winter coat), increased or decreased metabolism, increased fat stores, etc.
Acclimation
23
: the way individuals are spaced within a geographic range
Patterns of dispersal
24
: individuals aggregated in patches
Clumped
25
: individuals are uniformly spaced
Uniform
26
: individuals are spaced in an unpredictable way
Random
27
When two (or more) species in a community rely on similar resources
Interspecific competition
28
Two species that compete for the same niche cannot coexist
-the superior competitor will exclude the weaker
-
Competitive exclusion principle
29
-Both are top predators
-hyenas have a wider
Lions and Hyenas
30
Basis for a lot of evolutionary adaptation
- really neat adaptations
-Eat and avoid being eaten
Predation
31
-Prey usually ahead of the predator evolutionarily
Life/lunch hypotheses
32
When one species lives in or on another species
Symbiotic relationship
33
(Sym rel) when one organism benefits while the other is harmed
Parasitism
34
(Sym rel) when one organism benefits but the other is not harmed in the interaction
Commensalism
35
(Sym real) when both organisms benefit
Mutualism
36
Any episode that damages or disrupts a biological community
- storms, fire, flood
-* most communities are in some stage of recovery from this
Disturbances
37
Diversity is highest at intermediate levels of disturbance
Intermediate disturbances hypothesis
38
Biodiversity has three main components
-genetic diversity
-species diversity
-ecosystem diversity
39
The loss of species also means loss of _______ and _____ diversity
Genes, genetic
40
Human ______ allows us to recognize the value of biodiversity for its own sake
Biophilia
41
Practical benefits to humans with species diversity
The enormous genetic diversity of organisms has potential for great human benefit
Drugs, economic impact of tourism, our success
42
How are we impacting the environment
Burmese pythons in Florida.
43
The cues that animals use are no longer tightly linked to true habitat quality and an _____ arises where individuals will prefer now unsuitable habitat.
-can arise for a variety of reasons including amplification of cues.
Ecological traps
44
Absorb and emit radiation in the atmosphere
Greenhouse gas
45
Current CO2 levels higher than in the past ______ years
400,000
46
Caused a dramatic rise in CO2
Industrial revolution
47
= (#births – #deaths)÷population size
• Rate of increase (r)
48
is just change in a population over time
• Specifically it is change in the allele frequencies in a population over time
– So populations are always
Evolving
49
What evidence, that you know of, do we have for evolution?
– Fossils– Genetic similarity– Biogeography– Observational changes in populations (e.g. antibacterial resistance, DDT resistance in mosquitoes)– Experimental evolution– Selective breeding.
– And more
50
many species were created, then portions were destroyed and fossilized in successive catastrophes
Catastrophism
51
– Living organisms are modified as they grow
• Through use of their own bodies
• Through changing environmental pressures
– Modifications passed on to offspring
• Problem with this idea?
• If you lost your right leg in a logging accident then your kids would be born with no right leg
• All body builders’ children should be HUGE!
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
52
– Individuals with certain heritable traits leave relatively more offspring
– Became known as “Evolution by Natural Selection”
• Wallace got screwed
– This is what’s commonly referred to as “survival of the fittest”
• A poor approximation of the true meaning
Natural Selection
53
• The most studied mechanism of evolution
• There are others – Mutation– Genetic drift
• Commonly conflated with evolution
Natural selection
54
– Observation 1: Populations produce far more offspring than the environment can support
• Overproduction leads to competition
– Observation 2: Individuals in a population vary in many traits
• Successful individuals pass on their traits to offspring
– Inference: Modification in organisms is due to differential survival and reproduction
• Most fit organisms make the most babies
• Most fit organisms’ genes in greater numbers in the next generation
How natural selection developed
55
Evidence of Evolution
Fossil record, missing links, biogeography, capmparitive anatomy-homologous structures-analogous structures,
56
favors individuals with an extreme value for a trait
Directional Selection:
57
favors individuals at both extremes of a trait
Disruptive Selection:
58
favors individuals with the average value for a trait or culls individuals with extremes of the trait
Stabilizing Selection:
59
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
Population:
60
all the alleles of all the genes in all the individuals making up a population
Gene pool:
61
Gene flow: movement of alleles into or out of a population
Gene flow:
62
Structures with similar origin. Differ in design and function
Homologous structure
63
Similar function. Different evolutionary history. Result of convergent evolution
Analogous structures
64
Evidence of evolution
Comparative embryology( organisms go threw nearly identical developmental stages
65
Is a sorting process. Has no specific objective(it doesn’t want to make certain species, not goal directed
Natural selection
66
Individuals struggle to acquire limited resources
Food
Territory
Competition
67
Competition for mates
Sexual selection
68
Favors individuals with an extreme value for a trait
Directional selection
69
Favors individuals at both extremes of a trait
Disruptive selection
70
Favors individuals with the average value for a trait
Stabilizing selection
71
Chance events change allele frequencies
Bottleneck effect-Over hunting
Founder effect- individuals colonies new ares
Genetic drift
72
Preference for mates that are similar
Assortative mating
73
Females are picky and choose a breeding partner
Female mate choice
74
Males compete for the attention of females
Male/male competition
75
Not just about survival of the fittest! You got to make babies
Differential survival and reproduction
76
Two closely linked species become the most dominant force in each other’s evolution. Snake ,newts
Very common in pollination interactions
Convolution
77
The sorting process that determines what characteristics are favored for mating. Selection administered by “choosier” sex(usually female)
Sexual selection
78
More flashier males mean that they are fit because they survived despite there flashy traits.”honest advertisement”
Zahavi’s hypothesis
79
Why are females typically the choosier sex?
More time invested
80
Females don’t choose mate, brightly colored, leave male with eggs, female mates with multiple males
Role reversal
81
Changes in the gene pool over successive generations
-alleles and genes
Microevolution
82
Formation of species , evolutionary novelty, diversification, mass extinction
Macroevolution
83
Accumulation of changes gradually
Transforms the species,but does not create a new one
Anagenesis
84
Splitting of a gene pool into separate pools.
Not genetic drift
*only pattern that increases the number of species
Cladogenesis
85
Current changes build on previous changes
Cumulative change
86
*mutation provides raw material.
Source of change
Evolutionary novelties
87
Deals with species and how they come about and change over time.
Macroevolution
88
The process by which new species form
Speciation
89
(Category of speciation) species form due to geographic separation
Allopatric speciation
90
(Category of speciation) species form in the geographic are.
-form due to behavioral or niche separation
-more common in plants
Sympatric speciation
91
Similar traits evolving in separate species
-long history of evolutionary isolation
Convergent evolution
92
(Tempo of speciation) species gradually diverge as they require unique adaptations
Gradualist
93
(Tempo of speciation) periods of rapid change followed by long periods of little to no change, probably more common, *data suggests this led to the formation of different animal phyla. *not mutually exclusive.
Punctuated equilibrium
94
*populations must remain isolated
Maintaining species
95
(Maintaining species) two types of barriers.
1. Mechanisms that prevent mating.-geographic isolation
2.mechanisms that prevent successful hybrids.-Hybrid inviability
1.pre-Zygotic
2.post-zygotic
96
The pattern of continuously accelerating increase of population size under ideal unregulated conditions
Exponential growth model
97
Factors that limit population size as density increases.
-predation,-parasitism,-competition
Density-dependent factors
98
Factors that limit population size regardless of density.
-climate/wether,-natural disasters, -human activities(pesticides,hunting, habitat destruction)
Density-independent factors
99