Test 3 Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
describe Asch’s line experiment
A
- asked to determine what line on the right matches the line on the left
- stupid easy to figure out but when people start to change their answers some people end up changing their answers
- only about 1/3 changed their answers when others did
- number of participants that got it right drops significantly in the second part
- found that as long as at least one person is on your side the rest of the group loses power
2
Q
how did Milgram compare his hypothesis to vietnam?
A
he looked at the training of soldiers
- induction process
- ideals/larger purpose
- orders from higher authority
- maintain discipline (tested to ensure they were following orders)
- defectors isolated
- technology creates buffers (distance, makes it easier to emotionally dissociate from the act)
- carried out the mai lai massacre
3
Q
describe the clark and clark experiment participants and questions
A
clark and clark studied 250 african american children
- 134 had been segregated in the south
- 119 had been in racially mixed schools in the north
- asked a series of questions, questions one to four were designed to reveal preferences
- questions 5-7 reveal knowledge of racial differences
- question 8 showed self identification
4
Q
describe the procedure of the clark and clark paper
A
asked children a series of questions such as: what doll do you want to play with what doll is nice what doll is bad which doll is a nice colour
5
Q
what were the results of the clark and clark study?
A
- 67% of children wanted to play with the white doll
- 59% said the white doll is nice
- 59% said that the black doll looks bad
- 60% said the white doll was a nice colour
6
Q
describe the Hraba and Grant study?
A
repeated the clark and clark study many years later in nebraska. found that the results were almost reversed
7
Q
what are potential reasons for the difference in results in both the clark and clark paper and the Hraba and Grant paper?
A
- times are changing
- even 30 years ago black children in lincoln most likely would have still preferred the black doll
- conditions indigenous to lincoln have mediated the impact of the black movement
- interracial contact may engender black pride
8
Q
describe the sinha and upadhyaya study
A
this study looked at stereotypes in india when india had a border dispute with china.
- asked indian students to identify different words that descirbed different groups from around the world
- for 9 months the words stayed the same except when there was political tension with china over a border dispute
- the beliefs we have of other people are affected by the real world
9
Q
describe stereotypes
A
stereotypes tend to be:
- stable over time
- change as the real world changes
- are rational, universal and inevitable; we can’t not thin we want to make assumptions and put things into categories
10
Q
describe what the key concept in Sometimes in April are?
A
- obedience to authority
- evil (situationist approach)
- dehumanization
- heroism
- creating and reducing intergroup conflict
- prejudice
11
Q
describe Sherif’s Robbers cave experiment
A
- studied average middle class boys in the 1950’s
- kept the boys in 2 groups and kept them separated
- left hints that there was another group around by leaving trash etc.
- got the two groups together and had them engage with eachother
- had the compete and only one group one. the losing team raided the winners cabins and stole the prizes
- the contact between the groups was dangerous, putting rocks in socks and swinging them around, almost got out of hand
12
Q
what were the names of the two groups in the robbers cave experiment?
A
Rattlers and Eagles
13
Q
what is the bigger picture of the robbers cave experiment?
A
that if we understand these groups we have a model for other groups and how they identify with themselves and others and apply them to real world groups
14
Q
what two approaches to intergroup relations does Sherif reject?
A
- individual frustrations lead to intergroup aggression. rejects because the frustration must be shared by the group and perceived as an issue
- increasing ingroup cooperation and harmony increases intergroup cooperation and harmony. rejects this because it may lead to intergroup competitiveness and conflict when interaction between groups is negative
15
Q
describe Tajfel
A
did work in europe on what causes prejudice discrimination.
- says that one of the things that effect how we behave is we are brought up with the norms of society. you learned along the way “whos us and who’s they” to some degree.
16
Q
describe Tajfel’s procedure
A
shows kids slide with dots on them and says to write down how many dots hey think there is. doesn’t matter what you wrote, led to believe that ur estimate matters, assigned the kids as either an over estimator or an under estimator. next given matrices with number booklets and asked to fill them in alone, haven’t met the other estimators
17
Q
what do the kids to with the number booklets in Tajfel’s study?
A
booklet is two rows of numbers, top row left to right bottom same numbers left to right.
- asked to decide how many points to assign to two other people and decide how you want to rate them. but the other will be the exact opposite. added up and ended up with certain amount of money.
1. if you are under estimators you need to give a combination of value to opposite group
2. give it to your group
3. give to one of your group or of out group
you are going to act in favour of your group in the first matrix (highest is six) your group get 6 other gets -19.
18
Q
what are the results of Tajfel’s study?
A
- when mix tendency to move in the direction of group advantage
- graph shows maximum fairness in the middle scale and unfairness on the far right. some of them chose values further up and very few fairness. could have chosen maximum joint profit which would mean everyone got as much money as they could from the experimenters but no one did this
19
Q
describe Paul Klee’s style of painting
A
more cubic
20
Q
describe Wassily Kandinsky’s style of painting
A
more colourful and fluid
21
Q
describe Tajfel and the paintings
A
- asked participants to look at paintings and randomly assigned groups based on which paintings they liked best
- again they behaved in favour of the ingroup even if this didn’t matter t them before
- highest to lowest matrices
when subjects have choice of maximizing profit for all or for group, often chose to maximize profit for their own group. maximization of difference that was the most important. - when groupness comes into play we prioritize it
22
Q
what were the main points from Zimbardo’s paper on evil?
A
- simple situational factors impact behaviour
- minority who resist are heroic
- attributional charity. personal humility.
- we shouldnt get rid of the bad apples just the vinegar
- not doing what is expected may be heroic
23
Q
what is attributional charity?
A
when we recognize the situation matters and has power we should be less judgy, put ourselves in their shoes
24
Q
describe Browns MHRC study
A
- MHRC = manufacturers human relation consultants; a fake company
- decieved people to consent to participate in the study using a survey
- 9 subjects, meet up at a hotel where they are being recorded
- coordinator introduces a case and asked if the subjects would be concerned
- cameras recorded for 5 min intervals
- people argue for 3 min
- people argue against 3 min
- sign an affidavit to allow the company to use the footage
- a majority refused to sign
- the more people discussed the more their opinions changed and they believed the case was wrong
- being in groups and hearing others discomfort makes it easier to rebel
25
describe the background of the Rwandan genocide
- Hutu's = ethnic majority
- tootsies = minority
- Belgian settlers favoured the tootsies over the hutus and gave them more power and education, this led to the ongoing tension between the two groups
- the war against the tootsies started with a plane crash which killed the Rwandan president
- following the plane crash the genocide was almost immediate, tootsie sympathizers were killed also
26
describe Paluck's media in rwanda paper
- radio was the most popular source of entertainment in Rwanda
- RTLM spread propoganda against tootsies
- media can be used to create bad but it can also be used to incite good and reduce conflicts and prejudice
-
27
what did Paluck hypothesize?
- the radio program will change personal beliefs
- the radio program will alter descriptive and prescriptive norms
- we will change in the direction encouraged by the program
28
what were Paluck's findings?
- found the radio program did not change personal beliefs but that it changed the prescription of norms
29
describe Milgrams study
- advertised as a study of the effects of punishment on learning
- teacher is a subject and the learner is a confederate
- increased shock intensity with every question they got wrong
30
according to Zimbardo what does obedience to authority rely on?
1. participation in myth-making of authority figures
2. illusion of personal invulnerability/control and insensitive to social forces
3. recognizing evil deeds not from evil people but from good people doing their job
31
describe stage 1 of sherif's experiment
- experimental formation of groups
- groups are independent and unaware of the other groups
- groups are defined as the rattlers and eagles
32
describe stage 2 of sherifs experiment
Inter group conflict
| - introduce intergroup relations/competition (winners and losers)
33
describe stage 3 of sherifs experiment
reduction of intergroup hostility
- physical contact/proximity
- super ordinate goals (high appeal value for both groups, which cannot be ignored by the groups in question, but whose attainment is beyond the resources and efforts of any one group alone)
34
what were the three variables looked at in Tajfel's painting study
- maximum joint profit or the largest possible joint award for both people
- maximum ingroup profit; largest possible award to a member of the ingroup
- maximum difference; largest possible gain between a member of the ingroup and a member of the outgroup in favour of the ingroup
35
what was a finding from Asch's line study
Asch found that when 2 subjects were supporting each other against the majority they made fewer errors than one single subject did against the majority
36
what is missing from this definition of evil "evil can be definied as intentionally behaving or causing others to act in ways that demean, dehumanize, harm, destroy or kill innocent people"
it is missing:
- accidental/unintended hard
- excludes institutional evil
- includes those in distal authority positions who issue orders
37
according to Bandura where does the shift from good to evil come from?
shift from good to evil comes from knocking out control processes which suspends conscience. there are do ways of doing this
1. reducing the cues of social accountability of the actor. this reduces the concern of what other people think of the individual
2. reducing concerns for self evaluation by the actor. this stops self monitoring
38
according to paluck how should we attempt to change prejudiced behaviour?
to change prejudiced behaviour it would be more fruitful to target the social norms than personal beliefs. the media doesn't tell people what to do but it does communicate social norms and other's beliefs
39
according to Sherif what is the limiting factor bounding intergroup attitudes and behaviour
the nature of relations between groups
40
in the MRHC experiment what questions were asked on the survey?
asked if the participant was willing to participate in any or all of the following kinds of research:
- research on brand recognition of commercial products
- research on product safety
- research in which you will be misled about the purpose until after
- research involving group standards
the participants would usually say yes to four and then be told that they will be participating in research involving community standards
41
what case was presented to the participants in the MRHC study?
- Mr. C, 39, was fired after it was found out he was "immorally" living with a 24 year old and they were unwed. they claim that because he has no intention to marry his girlfriend that he is not living up to community standards. Mr. C is appeaing this action.
42
what followed after the MRHC participants were presented with the case?
the coordinator asked if they would be concerned if they learned that the manager of a gas station had a life style like Mr. C. the coordinator would ask a group of 3 to argue against mr. C then turn off the cameras then ask another group to argue against Mr. c and then turn off the cameras. people caught on to what was happening and began to ask questions. people refused to sign the affidavit
43
describe the procedure from Palucks study
randomly assigned peopel to either the control (listening to radio soap opera) or the experimental froup (the reconciliation radio progrm).
- over the course of a year the same rwandan research assistants would visit each community to play that months four 20 min episodes of the the radio program
- research assistant observed the participants
-
44
what did laski say about obedience
laski said that its about power. obedience to authority makes someone powerful. there is value in these things but when authority oversteps it's bound it can be dangerous. we must be aware of what authority is asking
45
what was Zimbardo's response to migrams experiment?
he is impressed by milgram and extends an interpretation. says there are a number of things you need to obey authority:
1. see a fugure as rightly powerful and we buy into ot to feed their power
2. maintain illusion of a personal invulnerability/control and intensive social forces. we like to think that 'I would never do this'. we look like we are in control of our individuality
3. we must recognize that evil deeds aren;t from evil people but good people doing their job. people in authority want them to do their dirty work and see obedient people as good
46
what are the 10 principles you should apply to the real world if you want to be obedient?
1. present a presentable rational story
2. arrange contractual obligation, ig you agree to it
3. give participants meaningful role
4. present basic rules to be followed
5. altering semantics (make bad things seem good)
6. creating opportunity diffusion of responsibility
7. small insignificant first steps with slowly increasing
8. change the nature of authority from just to unjust
9. exit costs high
10. starting the step too evill begins with small insignificant steps
47
who is Gretchen Brandt?
a subject in Milgrams shock study who refused to continue to go on with the experiment even though the experimenters were pushing her to do so. she had grown up in Nazi germany and said that "perhaps we have seen too much pain"
48
who is Fred Prozi?
a participant in Milgram's shock study. wanted to stop but the experimenter convinced him to continue by saying that it was not his responsibility if something went wrong
49
what did milgram say on vietnam?
milgram said that men do act hatefully and explode in rage against others but not in this case. he says that something far more dangerous is revealed: the capacity for man to abandon his humanity as he merges his unique personality into larger institutional structures.
