Test 3 (decision-making)

Question 1

required for decision-making

Answer 1

1. 2+ options
2. ability to have expectations of each choice
3. ability to make a value-judgement of the outcome of each choise

Question 2

normative theories of decision making

Answer 2

assume everyone acts in their best interest to maximize the EV

Question 3

descriptive theories of decision-making

Answer 3

how people actually do behave

Question 4

prospect theory & exemplar STUDY

Answer 4

assume people are affected by biases and other inputs (ex. framing effects)
STUDY: decision whether to administer vaccine, different based on framed as risk or reward

Question 5

guiding principles when evaluating risk

Answer 5

1. inclined towards loss-aversion (want to avoid losses more than we seek gains)
2. overestimate likelihood of low-probability event and underestimate likelihood of high-probability evet
3. base decision of current state and wanting to minimize change from current reality

Question 6

risk preferences

Answer 6

1. High-probability gains: exhibit risk-averse behavior
2. Low-probability gains: exhibit exhibit risk-seeking behavior (ex. buying a lottery ticket)
3. High-probability losses: risk-seeking behavior (ex. Nanaji keeping Alibaba stock)
4. Low-probability losses: risk-averse behavior (ex. buying insurance for rare natural disaster)

Question 7

primary reinforcers

Answer 7

intrinsic needs (i.e. food, sex)

Question 8

secondary reinforcers

Answer 8

help to obtain primary reinforcers (ex. food)

Question 9

positive reinforcers

Answer 9

delivers a reward or positive outcome for following intended outcome (ex. a sticker for completing homework)

Question 10

negative reinforcers

Answer 10

makes an outcome more likely by stimulating behavior to remove something undesired
(ex. putting on your carseat to stop the beeping)

Question 11

punishment

Answer 11

delivers averse outcome when don’t seek intended outcome (ex. when don’t turn in grade on time, get a grad deduction)

Question 12

the role of DA in reward-behavior

Answer 12

released from VTA and SN, projects to NA and stimulates vmPFC (reward-seeking behavior)

Question 13

STUDY: uncued vs. cued rewards

Answer 13

Da neurons fire when expect reward to happen after cue and decreased firing rate when it doesn’t occur
‘reward prediction error’ signal to dlPFC from dACC when wrong to adjust behavior

Question 14

how do we evaluate risk?

Answer 14

the dmPFC reflects analysis of risk probabilities and the AI reflects the “emotional” signal of risk aversion

Question 15

temporal discounting

Answer 15

preferring immediate reward over delayed reward
- top-down regulation required to delay gratification

Question 16

STUDY: ultimatum game

Answer 16

judge fairness of an offer and decide whether to accept or reject (splitting some amount of money)
- when said computer given offer, when its unfair more likely to accept if a computer

activation on AI when reject (remember activity in “emotional” signal of risk aversion)

Question 17

Drift diffusion model of decision-making

Answer 17

(for 2-choice decision) noise of up and down until reach decision threshold

Question 18

STUDY: willingness to pay based on how valuable object perceived as

Answer 18

evaluating value associated with vmPFC activation