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HFF - Exam 3 > Test 3 - Intro To Immune System > Flashcards

Test 3 - Intro To Immune System Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Organism that has the potential to cause disease.

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2
Q

What are the 4 classes of pathogens?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

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3
Q

What are the 5 roles of the immune system?

A

Kill or control pathogens

Control disease

Repair tissue damage

Organ development

Maintain organ integrity and function

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4
Q

What is variolation vs vaccination?

A

Powdered disease (smallpox) put subcutaneously on skin. Early times.

Vaccination is the most successful development in public health to date

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5
Q

What are 3 endogenous antimicrobial properties?

A

Sebum

Low pH

Commensalism organisms

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6
Q

Immune response when barriers are compromised. 5 steps.

A

Wound introduces bacteria

Resident effector cells activated and secrete cytokines

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

Fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue

Inflammation - redness, heat, swelling, pain

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7
Q

What is the complement system for how the immune system destroys pathogens? (4 steps)

A

Bacteria surface induces cleavage and activation of complement (proteins made in the liver)

Complement fragment covalently bonds to the bacteria and attracts other effector cells

The complement receptor on the effector cell binds to complement fragment bonded to bacterium

Effector cell engulfs the bacterium, kills, and breaks it down

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8
Q

Along with complement, there are other effector mechanisms. Name 3 of them.

A

Phagocytosis

Granule release
-This destroys local healthy tissue, too.

Targeted cell death
-CD8 T-Cells

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9
Q

The immune system has two branches. Name and describe each of them with 4 things about each.

A

Innate

  • Rapid response (Hours)
  • Fixed response
  • Limited pathogen specificity
  • Consistent response

Adaptive

  • Slow response (Days to weeks)
  • Flexible response
  • Very selective pathogen specificity (Due to memory cells)
  • Response improves with exposure
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10
Q

The innate and adaptive immune systems work in concert. T/F - Adaptive system REQUIRES an innate response.

A

TRUE! Without it, the adaptive system cannot handle the pathogen.

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11
Q

What are some principal components of the innate immune system? (5)

A 
Epithelial barriers
Phagocytes
Dendritic cells (antigen presenting)
Complement
NK cells
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12
Q

What are some principal components of the adaptive immune system? (5)

A 
B lymphocytes
Antibodies
T lymphocytes
Effector T cells
Helper cells
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13
Q

Immune cells function thru direct and indirect interactions. What are the 2 direct interactions and what are the 3 indirect interactions?

A

Direct

  • Phagocytosis
  • Immune synapse: T cell-mediated killing

Indirect

  • Cytokines
  • Chemokines
  • Cytotoxins
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14
Q

WBC distribution in the blood mnemonic.

A 
Never - Neutrophil: 40-75%
Let - Lymphocytes: 20-50%
Monkeys - Monocytes: 2-10%
Eat - Eosinophils: 1-6%
Bananas - Basophils: <1%
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15
Q

Both the adaptive and innate system cells come from what singular progenitor?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

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16
Q

In the adaptive system, what is the beginning cell?

A

Common lymphoid precursor

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17
Q

The common lymphoid precursor goes to 2 cells. What are they?

A

NK/T cell precursor

B cell

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18
Q

The B cell turns into what?

A

Plasma cell

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19
Q

The NK/T cell precursor turns into what two cells?

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A

T cell

NK cell

20
Q

The T cells turns into what?

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A

Effector T cell

21
Q

What is the beginning cell of the innate system?

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A

Common myeloid precursor

22
Q

The common myeloid precursor turns into what two cells?

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A

Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor

Megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor

23
Q

The megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor turns into what two cells?

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A

Megakaryocyte

Erythroblast

24
Q

Megakaryocytes produce what?

25
Erythroblasts turn into what?
Erythrocytes
26
The granulocyte-macrophage progenitor turns into what 5 cells?
Macrophage and dendritic cell precursor Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Unknown precursor
27
The unknown precursor turns into what?
Mast cell
28
The macrophage and dendritic cell precursor turns into what two cells?
Monocyte Dendritic cell
29
The monocyte turns into what?
Macrophage *Also can be turned into a dendritic cell, although pathway is unknown
30
Look in photos for the chart of the cells.
Do it. Be able to draw it.
31
Neutrophils are part of what system and what do they do?
Innate Engulf and kill microorganisms **The neutrophil then dies after completing its function. ITS KAMAKAZI
32
Monocytes are part of what system, what do they turn into, and what do they do?
Innate Dendritic cells Macrophages Basically a neutrophil, but with more specialized functions. -Express degraded antigen to the adaptive system —Dendrites vacuum up antigens, travel to lymph, and are main drivers of immunity —Macrophages also clear the damaged tissue after their function **These cells do NOT die after their functions
33
Macrophages kill by what and promote what?
Phagocytosis Inflammation
34
What cells are in the adaptive system?
T cells - Mature in thymus - Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells B cells - Mature in bone marrow - *Memory cells* Natural Killer (NK) cells
35
What provides specificity in the adaptive immune system?
Clonal expansion *When an antigen binds a lymphoid cell, then that cell rapidly replicates and eradicates the antigens
36
Adaptive immunity responses are humoral and cellular. What are the differences?
Humoral - Antibody mediated (blood)(B-cells) Cellular - Cell-cell interaction mediated (T-cells)
37
What are the 5 types of antibodies that mediate humoral responses and something about them?
*MADGE IgM - First antibody produced and released IgA - Secreted from mucosal glands IgD - B cell surface antibody IgG - Most abundant antibody IgE - Basophil and mast cell surface antibody
38
T cells resolve pathogens thru what two things?
Direct killing Immune support
39
What are the two classes of T cells?
Cytotoxic (CD8) T Cells Helper (CD4) T Cells
40
What do CD8 (cytotoxic) T Cells do?
Kill altered self cells | -Cancer, virus, bacteria
41
What do CD4 (helper) T cells do?
Support other immune functions - Many subtypes - Regulatory function * Communicate with, improve, and activate B cells
42
What are primary lymphoid organs?
Where immune cells develop - Bone marrow - Thymus
43
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
Where adaptive responses initiate - Lymphoid system - Spleen - Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
44
What is the response to infection in the immediate innate response?
0-4 hrs Pathogen invades Pathogen recognized by effector molecules Pathogen eliminated and very minor tissue damage is repaired -If not, the induced innate immune response occurs
45
What happens in the induced innate immune response?
4 hrs to 4 days Activation of resident cells in the tissue and recruitment of effector cells to the tissue. INFLAMMATION, FEVER, ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE Effector cells recognize and attack the pathogen Pathogen eliminated and minor tissue damage is soon repaired -If not eliminated, adaptive immune response activated
46
What happens in the adaptive immune response?
4 days until defeat of pathogen, defeat of host, or truce of chronic disease. Secondary lymphoid tissue close to infected tissue is alerted B and T cells proliferate and become effectors and travel to site Pathogen eliminated and major tissue damage is gradually repaired -If not, host dies, or suffers disease from chronic infection
47
What is the basic 9 step process of pathogen resolution?
``` 1-Injury/pathogen infiltration 2-Resident immune cells respond 3-Inflammatory response 4-Innate pathogen targeting 5-Pathogenic antigens presented in the lymph nodes 6-Adaptive immunity initiated 7-Ongoing immune response 8-Pathogen destroyed or sequestered 9-Memory cells formed ```

HFF - Exam 3 (19 decks)

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