Test 3 Review 2nd deck Flashcards by Jacki Leigh

Name the steps in the Adenylate Cyclase Mech/cAMP system

Hormone binds to receptor
Activates G protein
Turns on Adenylate Cyclase 
Converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP turns on Protein kinase 
Protein kinase phosphoralates proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adenylate Cyclase Mech/cAMP system is turned off by?

Protein phosphorlation because PDE destroys cAMP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the steps in Steroid Hormone mechanism

Hormone binds to carrier protein
Detachment from carrier protein into cell
Attaches to nuclear receptor
Translocated into nucleus 
Binds to half site on DNA 
Another hormone bonds to 2nd half site
Dimerization 
Transcription turned on/off

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the steps in Alpha 1 receptor mech

Hormone binds to receptor
Activates g protein
Phospholipase takes IP3 or DAG
IP3 binds Ca2+
Ca2+ channels open flooding cell with Ca2+
Ca2+ binds to calmodium to form complex
Ca2+/calmodium complex turns on protein kinase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the steps in Thyroid hormone mech

Tyrosine turns in to Thyroxine or Tetraiodothromine
Throxine binds to globular protein
Nuclear receptor with already bound to 1/2 site awaits arrival of Hormone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the receptor for Thyriod hormone?

9-cis-retonic acid made from vitamin A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Steroid hormones can’t dissolve in ______ even though they are _______ and _______ allowing them to diffuse through membrane

Steroid hormones can’t dissolve in blood even though they are lipid and hydrophobic allowing them to diffuse through membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The receptors for steroid hormone are?

Nuclear receptors therefore acting in nucleus to turn transcription on or off

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The thyroid hormone calcitrol is produced by?

vitmain A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An example of a post-hormone is?

insulin because it is inactive until it is altered within the endocrine gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A pre-hormone is?

molecule released is altered by into hormone at arrival of target cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are corticosteriods produced? what kind of hormone are they?

adrenal gland - steroid hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The parathyroid hormone does what in the body?

Increases blood calcium levels
causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium
Causes disolution of calcium phosphate by bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thyroid hormones bind to receptors which?

regulate gene transcrition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is produced when two diodotyrosine molecules couple together?

tetraiodothryonine and thyroxine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What element is necessary for production of thyroxine

iodine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three functional cateogories of corticosteroids?

glucorcorticoids
mineralocorticoids
sex steroids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What autonomic division is dominate in emergency situations?

sympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Postganglionic axons which do not secrete catecholamines or acetylcholine may secrete?

Nitric oxide
VIP
ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What hormones stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation?

oxytocin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until the are changed by their target cells are?

pre-hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Steroid hormones may be found in?

both cytoplasm and nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What drug blocks the ____ adrenergic receptors because they exacerbate asthma?

Beta 2 primarily

but propanol blocks both beta one and two

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Postganglionic _______ nerves release acetylcholine

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The vagus nerve innervated?

lungs heart stomach

What are the secondary messengers activated by lipophobic hormones?

tyrosine kinase phospholipase adenylate cyclase

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic nerves originate?

brainstem and sacral region of spinal cord

What drug is an ahlpa one agonist that causes vasoconstriction by acting as nasal decongestant?

Psuedophedrine

The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of

blood glucose

Throyoid hormone receptors form __ on their half sites

heterodimers

cAMP activates _________ that activates other enxymes in the cell

protein kinase

What are the collateral ganglion?

Superior mesenteric, celiac and inferior messenteric

The collateral ganglion contain?

nicotinic receptors

What is the function of ADH?

stimulates water retention in kidneys

The brain produces lipid NTs called ________

enkephalins

The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the ________ is called the hypthalamo-hypophyseal portal system

anterior pituitary

Protein kinase catalyzes the ____ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm.

Phosphorylation

Many growth factors use __________ as a second messenger

tyrosine kinase

Nitric oxide is stimulates ______ using chemical messenger activating _______________.

Nitric oxide is stimulates dilation of blood vessels using chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase

Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate?

skeletal muscle

What is the role of glucagon in blood glucose homeostasis?

promotes movement of blood gulcose out of skeletal muscle cells

What are the dually innverated organs?

urinary bladder

What drugs are known as beta blockers because they soley block Beta 1 adrenergic receptors thereby decreasing cardiac output to control blood pressure?

Atenolol and Metaprolol

What occurs when one sympathetic preganglion synapses with serveral post g?

divergence

In phospholipase C mechanism, the increase ofo intracellular calcium comes from?

the endoplasmic reticulum

Which part os the brain hekps to regulate the ANS actions from the medulla during motion sickness?

cerebellum

Visceral reactions which accompany emtional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by?

limbic system

The swelling on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitters are ?

varisocosities

Secondary messengers generated by the actions of phospholipase C?

may activate calmodulin

T/F | Sympathetic function is always the opposite of parasympathetic function

False

T/F | Studies have indicated that aging is associated with increased levels of parasympathetic function

False

T/F The hypothalamus, anterior pitutary and various target glands control the functions of each other so there is no master gland

true

T/F | Pituitary dwarfism is caused by growth years' hyposecretion of growth hormone

True

T/F | Many autonomic viseral effectior organs can't function without nervous innervation

false

T/F | Damage to an autonomic nerve makes it more sensitive to stimulation

true

T/F | Polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones can be taken orally

False

What do neurohormones secreated by the hypothalamus control?

regulation of body metabolism, growth and reproduction

An example of complentary effects are?

Salivary glands Para-watery saliva Sympa-thick saliva

And example of cooperative effects are?

Erection and Ejaculation Erection-para causes vasodilation Ejaculation-sympa

An example of two glycoproteins are?

Lutenizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone

3 examples of polypeptide/protein hormones are?

ADH Insulin Growth hormone

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause?

Vasoconstriction, pale queesy dry moth

Alpha 1 antgonists are? and cause?

Phentolamine | causes vasoconstriction and used in hypertension control

Alpha 1 agonists are? and cause

Phenylephrine and Pseudophedrine | contracts blood vessels and nasal congestion

Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors cause?

Use negative feedback loops that decrease norepinephrine over time lowering BP

Alpha 2 agonists are? and cause?

Clonodine and Catapres | uses neg, feedback lowering BP

Alpha 2 antagonists are? and cause?

Yohimbine | Increased BP, used for ED

Beta 1 receptors cause?

Control heart beat making heart beat faster

Beta 1 agonists are? and cause?

Dobutamine | increase HR and contraction strength

Beta 1 antagonists are? and cause?

Metoprolol and Atenolol | decrease heart rate and control hypertension

Beta 2 receptors cause?

Bronchiodilation in non-vascular smooth muscles

Beta 2 agonsts are?

Terbutaline and Albuterol | dilate broncioles but causes constapation

Muscarinic cholenergic angonists are? Waht do they cause?

Metacholine and Pilocardine and treat asthma by dilating bronchiles Pilocardine also dilates pupils

Muscarinic Cholenergic antagonists are?

Atropine | Causes intense muscle relaxation

Nictotinic receptors: Agonist? Antagonist?

Agonist-nicotine | Antagonist-D-turbocuraine causing muscle relaxation

Cholenergic receptors always release _____ from para and sympa and are always _______ from pre-ganglionic and sometimes ________ from post

Cholenergic receptors always release ACH from para and sympa and are always stimulatory from pre-ganglionic and sometimes inhibitory from post

The inner layer of medulla that secretes adrenaline and norepinephrine can be stimulated as part of?

mass activation

What kind of hormones does the Adrenal medulla secrete?

steroid hormones

The sympathetic nervous originates in?

spinal cord from 1st thoracic to 2nd lumbar

What are the cranial nerves receiving Paras. innervation?

Occulomotor, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and facial

What are some effectors that DO NOT receive parasymathetic innervation?

Cutaneous effectors such as skin, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles

Cocain and Ritalin are both examples of?

dopamine transport blockers

What effect do amphetamines have?

force all NT monoamines to exit synaptic vessicles so they reside in the cleft

What NT does ritalin effect?

dopamine

What NT does stratera effect?

norepinephrine

What NT does Adderal efect?

Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine via a cocktail of amphetamines

Viagra creates production of ________ _________ which causes Vasodilation and increase blood flow.

Nitric oxide

Viagra is turned off by ?

PDE

What is the effect of norepinephrine?

Increased heart rate | inhibiting of smooth muscle causing vasodilation

Two examples of inhibitory NTS are?

Glycine and GABA

What are some examples of NTs that exhibit retrograde transmission?

Glutamate and Endocannibinoids

What are two examples of excitatory NT?

Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid

A SSRIS functions by?

inhibiting monoamines to break down serotonin in the synaptic cleft

Where are monoamines that break down serotonin located?

the terminal boutons

Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac and Luvox are all examples of drugs that effect?

serotonin

Spastic paralysis creates a _______ motion because?

quivering; because contraction with no movement

What type of paralysis is it when muscles are loose like jelly?

flaccid

Disrupting innervation to a skeletal muscle results in?

muscle will atrophy and wither away eventually to be replaced by connective tissue

Disruption of innervation to a viseral effector would?

result in hypersenstivity

Name the regions of the brain from anterior to posterior

``` Telencephalon (Cerebrum) Limbic system Diencephalon Mesencephalon Cerebellum Pons Myencephalon ```

The ponds offers two important functions in the brain, what are they?

fiber track linking cerebellum and cerebrum | Ralphe nucleus that produces serotonin

The medulla oblongata and brain are both reference to?

the myenscephalon

The cerebrum is in control of major muscular movements, but what is the part of the brain that 'fine tunes' these movements?

the cerebellum

What part of the brain offers a reward for increased fitness?

the limbic system (located in the telencephalon)

What are the 4 controls of the PNS?

Stretch receptors in skin Baroreceptors in blood vessels Chemoreceptors Sensory input=brain

The myencephalon has what functions?

Cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary and reproductive functions

What part of the brain controls hunger and thirst?

the hypothalamus

Endogenous opoids work how?

work on the axonic synapse of neuron that releases Substance P

Which Polypeptide is responsible for circadian rythm, regulation of cardiovascular system and is a appetite stimulant?

Neuropeptide Y

Lepin causes?

appetite supression

Which neurotransmitter is involved in initiation of skeletal muscle?

dopamine

Acetylcholine is used in the sympathetic NS in what areas?

in sweat glands and skeletal muscle

Metatropic means?

uses secondary messengers such as G proteins

Adrenergic receptors can stimulate?

heart, piliatory muscles of iris, muscles of Blood vessels

Adrenergic receptors can inhibit?

Bronchioles, Blood vessels, dilation

Test 3 Review 2nd deck Flashcards

(115 cards)