Test 3 Review Flashcards
(269 cards)
1
Q
What are the parts of the vertebral brain from anterior to posterior?
A
Telencephon Diencephalon Mesencephanlon cerebellum ponds myelencephanlon
2
Q
The telencephalon contains the ______________ __________.
A
cerebral hemispheres
3
Q
The cerebrum located in the ____________ contains What?
A
the telencephalon
contains the limbic system
regions that control all muscles
regions that disseminate sensory information
4
Q
What is the limbic system?
A
a complex network of nerves that controls basic emotions and drives ‘self’ and greater concious
5
Q
What are the parts of the diencephalon and what do they contain?
A
center-fluid filled ventricle
root-epithalamus which contains pineal gland
side walls-contain thalamus which is a relay station
floor-hypothalamus and dangling from floor is the pituitary gland
6
Q
The mesencephalon is also called the?
A
mid-brain
7
Q
What are the parts of the mesencephalon ?
A
tectum (roof)
tegmentum (floor):
8
Q
What does the tegmentum (floor) part of the mesencephalon do?
A
Contains neuron cell bodies that produce dopamine and relays vision and hearing
9
Q
If you are a fish what part of the brain is important?
A
mesencephalon
10
Q
The cerebellum is also referred to as the?
A
little cerebrum
11
Q
The cerebellum controlls?
A
unconcious control of skeleton, however the cerebrum initially controls this BUT the cerebellum refines it
12
Q
If damage occurs to your cerebellum what happens?
A
You would walk with a shuffling gate
13
Q
Examples of activites that your cerebellum refines would be?
A
biking, skating, dancing
14
Q
The example of the part of the brain that birds and fish have increased but frogs have decreased would be the?
A
cerebellum
15
Q
The ponds contains a ________ ______. that?
A
fiber tract that relays info between cerebellum and cerebrum
16
Q
What is the ralphe nucleus?
A
produces serotonin
17
Q
The myelencephalon is also called?
A
brain stem or medulla oblongata
18
Q
What is the function of the myelencephalon?
A
control of autonomic nervous system such as heart or respiratory rate
19
Q
Serotonin controls?
A
mood and emotion
it is involved in depression, bipolar and migranes
20
Q
The serotonin receptor determines?
A
action of serotonin
21
Q
a SSRIS is?
A
a serotonin specific re-uptake inhibitor
22
Q
What is the action of the brain that SSRIS work against?
A
Monoamine oxidase breaks down serotonin in pre-synaptic terminal and the SSRIS inhibit this, keeping the serotonin withthin the synaptic cleft
23
Q
Where is monoamine oxidase located?
A
in the terminal bouton
24
Q
What are some examples of SSRIS?
A
zoloft, paxil, prozac, and luvox
25
When a neuron is referred to as serotonergic it?
is a neuron that makes serotonin
26
Where are serotonergic neurons located?
cell bodies in the ralphe nucleus of the ponds within the metencephalon
axons project into cerebral hemispheres of telencephalon
27
Where is the limbic system found?
the telencephalon
28
Where is dopamine produced?
mesencephalon
29
Dopamine is produced from?
AA tyrosine
30
Nigrostriatal cells are?
cell bodies in mesencephalon
31
Substantia nigra are?
Black or dark substrates that are black because biproduct of dopamine formation is melanin
32
The symptoms of parkinson's are?
shuffling gate, difficulty swallowing at later stages
33
How do people normally die of parkinson's?
they die of pnemonia because materal enters the windpipe and eventually gets into the lungs
34
The term 'treatment delays onset' in parkinsons means?
giving pre-cursor to dopamine works for a time but eventually the cells that make dopamine break down
35
The Mesolimbic system is?
Neurons in the tegmentum of mesencephalon close to substantia nigra
36
What is the limbic system composed of?
| ***
masses of grey matter that are deep in forebrain (tel & diencephalon)
37
Which system offers a reward system for increasing fitness?
the limbic system
38
Two examples of dopamine transport blockers are?
cocaine and ritalin
39
What effect do amphetamines have on neurotransmitters?
It forces NT to exit the synaptic vessicles via high concentration gradient and forces all monoamines into synaptic cleft
40
What is norepinephrine?
A neurotransmitter of sympathetic NS
41
Where does norepinephrine innervate?
glands, cardiac and smooth muscle
42
What are the effects of norepinephrine?
makes heart beat faster, inhibiting smooth muscle causing vasodialation, stimulates general behavioral arousal
43
What is PTSD?
reliving the hyperawareness caused via norepinephrine
44
Treatment for ADD/ADHD-
| Ritalin uses what to treat this?
dopamine
45
Why does ritalin have the potential for abuse?
Because it uses dopamine to treat ADD/ADHD
46
Treatment for ADD/ADHD-
| Stratera uses what to treat this?
norepinphrine re-uptake
47
Why does stratera use norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors to treat ADD?
because it aids in focus and is less likely for abuse
48
Treatment for ADD/ADHD-
| What does adderal use to treat this?
mixture of amphetamines. serotonin, dopmaine, and norepinephrine
it increases ALL monoamines in cleft
49
Excitory AA neurotransmitters?
generate a EPSP
50
What are two excitatory AA NTs?
| What do they do?
Aspartic Acid-Possible ressitance to fatigue
| Glutamic Acid: Proton donor to Glutamate (actual Neurotransmitter) which aids in learning and memory
51
What is retrograde transmission?
post-synaptic cells produces NT that acts on presynaptic cell
52
What is long-term potientiation?
the longer you use it the better it works
53
Ionotropic means?
opens an ion channel
54
Glycine is __________ and is found?
ihibitory and is found in spinal chord
55
The receptor for glycine is?
ionotropic
56
The ionotropic glycine receptor does what?
contains Cl- channel which sends Cl- into cell forming IPSP
57
Where does glycine work?
on somatic motor neurons for muscle contraction
58
When flexing your biceps, what molecule is responsible and how does it do it?
acetylcholine and it sends an EPSP
-the inhibition of tricepts is from IPSP
59
When muscles are like jelly and can't contract it is called?
flaccid paralysis
60
Cucare paralysis is from ________ _______ and inhibits the _______ receptors.
plant toxin
nictotinic receptors
61
Spastic paralysis is?
all muscles contract at the same time
62
Contracation of muscles with no movement results in?
quivering
63
A bacterial toxin that disrupts snare proteins (fusion complex) of inhibitory neurotransmitters is?
Tetanus
64
Strychnine does what?
deadly protein that blocks glysine receptors on diaphram which results in the diaphram staying contracted and you die
65
What does GABA stand for>
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
66
GABA is ______ and opens a Chloride channel.
ionotropic
67
Where does GABA work?
In the brain on the purkinje cells in cerebellum
-functions similar to glycine
68
Substance P?
sensation of pain, causes mood disorders, anxiety, stress, nausea and respiratory rythms
69
In 1973 it was discovered that?
Receptors in CNS respond to opium
70
Endorphins, Enkephalins and Dynorphins are all examples of?
endogenous opiods
71
Angelesia is?
relief of pain and euphoria
72
How do endogenous opioids work?
Axodxonix synapes with a neuron releasing substance P releasing a IPSP shutting down release of substance P by blocking Ca2+ voltage gated channels in terminal buttons which ceases exocytosis of substance P
73
Running 6 miles can result in a?
Joggers high
74
Capsasin high is from?
hot peppers which bind to receptors stimulated by heat or friction
75
What is neuropeptide y?
Most abundant neuropeptide in brain
76
Neuropeptide y is responsible for?
stress response, circadian rythm, cardiovascular system control and is a appetite stimulant
77
Lepin is?
an appetite suppressent
78
Tetrahydrocanabinol is?
marijuana and gives analgesia and relief of nausea
79
Endocanabinoids are?
| What are they responsible for?
amandamide and z-urachdonyl glycerol
| responsible for retrograde neurotransmission
80
Nitric oxide is made from?
AA L-arginine by nitric oxide substance
81
What is viagra "turned off by"
phosphodiesterase that breaks down Cyclic GMP
82
Viagra inhibits?
inhibits PDE
83
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for?
fight or flight reactions
84
the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for?
rest and digest
85
Neurons associated with PNS are?
motor/efferent neurons
86
The somatic portion of the PNS controls?
voluntary skeletal muscle
87
The autonomic portion of the PNS controls?
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
88
What is the autonomic nervous system controlled by?
Sensory neurons from viscera
two neuron multipolar system
89
Pre-ganglionic neurons are from the?
cell body in CNS that send out axon that synpases with postganglionic neuron in PNS
90
The post ganglionic neurons go from?
axon to effector organ or gland
91
Where are pre-ganglionic neurons found?
in midbrain and hindbrain->mes, met and myelencephalon or in thoracic lumbar or sacral regions of spinal chord
92
Where are autonomic ganglion found?
head, neck and abdomen and chains parallel to spinal chord
93
Disrupting Innervation-
| To skeletal muscle results in?
flaccid paralysis and muscles will wither away and eventually are replaced by connective tissue
94
Disrupting Innervation-
| to a viseral effector results in?
no change because they are independent of innervation, contracting on there own without innervation but cutting the innervation may result in denervation hypersensitivity
95
denervation hypersensitivity means?
more sensitive than normal
96
Autonomic motor neurons can _____ or _______.
stimulate or inhibit
97
Somatic motor neurons use ______ and are always ________.
ACH and excitatory
98
Autonomic effectors are?
cardiac, smooth and glands
99
Somatic effectors are?
skeletal muscle
100
Do somatic neurons have ganglia?
no
101
Do autonomic neurons have ganglia?
yes
102
How many neurons are in somatic nerves?e?
1
103
How many neurons are in autonomic nerves?
2
104
Denervation of somatic nerves results in?
flaccid paralysis
105
Denervation of autonomic nerves results in?
denervation hypersensitivity
106
The sympathetic division of the nervouse system orginates?
in spinal chord from 1st thorasic to 2nd lumbar
107
Where does the thoracolumbar division of the sympathetic nervous system synpase?
in the symp ganglia found in chains running parallel to spinal chord that diverge onto white rami
108
What does divergence mean?
one preganglionic neuron synapses on multiple postganglionic neurons
109
What does convergence mean?
Multiple preganglionic neurons synapse on 1 post ganglionic neuron
110
When the sympathetic division can act as a single unit it is called?
mass activation
111
The heart and kidneys are maintained by?
the CNS
112
Sympathetic neurons that are exiting the spinal chord below the diaphram and synapse on the collateral ganglia are?
sympathetic neurons such as celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric
113
What type of neurons innervate organs of digestive system, urinary and reproductive systems?
post ganglionic neurons
114
The outer layer of the cortex of adrenal glands secretes what?
steroid hormones
115
the inner layer (the medulla) of the kidneys secretes?
adrenaline and norepinephrine
116
The adrenal glands can be stimulates as part of?
mass action
117
What type of innervation do cutaneous effectors such as the blood vessels of skin, sweat glands and arrector pili muscles receive?
NO parasympathetic stimulation
118
What are the 4 cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibers?
oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
119
Where do the preganglionic fibers exit on the occulomotor nerve?
pre-gan. exit mesenteric and synapse on ciliary ganglion
120
What do post ganglionic nerves innervate on the occulomotor nerve?
the ciliary muscle of the eye changing the lens shape
121
Preganglionic fibers in the Facial nerve exit from where?
the pons and synapse on the pterygo palatine ganglion
122
Where do preganglionic fibers from the vagus exit from?
the medulla oblongata and branch like crazy within the following effector organs-
heart, liver, lings, esophagus, stomach and intestines
-also largest in sixe and most of the parasypathetic innervation in body
123
Preganglionic nerves from te saccral region ({division) innervate?
the lowers part of intestine, rectum, urinary and reproductive organs
124
In fight or flight the where is norepinphrine secreted from?
the postganglionic neuronsalong with epinephrine from adrenal medulla
125
In fight or flight what occurs to the body?
increased heart rate, blood glucose a blood is diverted to skeletal muscles
126
Unlike the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system is not?
activated all at once but instead by seperate nerves
127
General symptoms of parasympathetic nervous system are?
increased digestive activity and decreased heart rate
128
The viseral organs respond differently to the parasympathetic nervous system because?
Postganglionic neurons release different neurotransmitters
129
Actetylcholine is used why which divison of the nervous system, para or sympa?
BOTH! it is used by all preganglionic neurons
130
What sympathetic postganglionic neurons realease ACH?
sweat glands and skeletal muscle
131
Neurons that secrete things like norepinephrine are referred to as?
adrenegeric
132
Adrenergic stimulation can be caused by epinephrine or norepeinephrine and are from?
sympathetic neurons or adrenal medulla
133
Adrenergic stimulation can stimulate or inhibit based on?
receptors
134
What does adrenergic stimulation stimulate?
heart, dilatory muscles of the iris, smooth muscle of many blood vessels, inhibits contraction of bronchioles and some other blood vessels
135
What are variscosities?
axons of post ganglionic neurons that have a part in sweeling, release NTs and mostly controlled by parasympathetic ns
136
Norepinephrine receptters that are adrenergic cause what?
heart beating fast due to EPSP
| inhibits activity of smooth mucle in the lungs via IPSPS
137
ALL of your adrenergic receptors are ________________ and use what type of proteins?
Metabotropic and use G proteins
138
Beta adrenergic receptors what type of secondary messenger system?
cAMP
139
Alpha adrenergic receptors use what type of secondary messenger system?
Ca2+
140
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors do what?
Use an EPSP to contract vascular smooth muscle of skin and viscera which causes vasocontriction and is responsible for pale. quesy, and dry mouth
141
Where are Alpha 2 adreneric receptors located?
on terminal boutons of sympathetic post ganglionic neurons
142
What kind of mechanism do the Alpha 2 receptors use?
Negative feedback mechanism that decreases the release of NTs over time and keeps sympathetic division in check
143
The Beta 1 Adrenergic receptors affect the heart by?
Releasing an EPSP that increases heart rate and contractility
144
The Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors affect non-vascular smooth mucle of the bronchioles and visera how?
by releasing an IPSP that causes bronchiodialation and inhibits stomach and small intestine
145
Agonist means?
causes the same effect as NT
146
Antagonist means?
causes opposite effect as NT
147
An example of Alpha 1 agonists are phenylephrine and pseudoephridine causing?
contraction of blood vessels and nasal congestion
148
Alpha 1 antagonists phentolamine causes?
vasodilation and can be used for short term hyper tension control
149
Parathyroid hormones function does what?
increases blood Ca2+
Causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium
causes dissolution of calcium phosphate from bones increasing activity of osteoclasts
150
Thyroid hormones bind to receptors which?
regulate gene transcription
151
What is produced when two diodotyrosine molecules couple together?
Tetraiodothyronine and thyroxine
152
Melatonin is anti-gonadotropic, knowing this when would you expect animals in SC to breed in which season
spring and summer
153
South Carolina used to be known for having alot of what particular element that is necessary for production of thyroxine in soil contents?
iodine
154
A 40 year old female patient present with generalized weakness and rapid weight lodd. After completeing an intital blood panel, you notice blood glucose level is low however insulin and glucagon levels are normal. You order additional blood work and notice that ACTH levels are very low. What diagnosis would you give this patient?
Addison's disease
155
What are the three functional categories of corticosteroids?
gluccocorticoid
sex steroids
mineralocorticoids
156
High TSH levels with enemic goiter would show symptoms of?
obvious sweeling, fatigue, depression and unexplainable weight gain
157
Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation
sympathetic
158
Post-ganglionic axons which do not secrete either catecholamines or acetylcholine may secrete?
nitric oxide
vasoactive intestinal peptide
ATP
159
What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejecting during lacatation?
oxytocin
160
Circles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called
circadian rythms
161
Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are?
prehormones
162
Regulation of mineral homeostasis would be inhibited due to decreased secretion of?
corticotropin releasing hormone
163
Steroid hormone receptors may be found?
in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus
164
Doctors have slowed prescribing drugs that block the _______ adrenergic receptors as these drugs are known to exacerbate asthma in many patients.
Beta-2
165
Postganglionic ____ nerves release acetylcholine.
parasympathetic
166
The vagus nerve innervates?
the lungs, heart, and the stomach
167
Which of the following is not a secondary messenger system acticated by lipophobic hormones?
a) diacylglycerol
b) phospolipase C
c) tyrosine kinase
d) adenylate cyclase
a)diacylglycerol
168
From where do parasypathetic reganglionic nerves orginate?
the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
169
What drug is an alpha 1 agonist that causes vasocontrisction thereby acting as a nasal decongestant
pseudoephrine
170
The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of?
blood glucose
171
Thyroid hormone receptors form a ________ on their half sites?
heterodimer
172
cAMP activates ___________ that activates other enzymes in the cell.
protein kinase
173
Increasing somatostatin secretion would do what to growth?
inhibit it
174
Which of the following is not a collateral ganglion?
a) hepatic
b) celiac
c) superior mesenteric
d) inferior mesenteric
hepatic
175
______ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves
norepinephrine
176
The collateral ganglia contain?
nicotinic receptors
177
What is the function of the hormone ACH
stimulates rention of water by the kidneys
178
The brain produces lipid neurotransmitters called?
endocannabinoids
179
The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the ____ is called the hypthalamo-hypophyseal portal system
anterior pituitary
180
Protein kinase catalyzes the ________ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm
phosphorylation
181
Many growth factos use?
tyrosine kinase as a second messenger
182
Nitric oxide does?
is produced from L-asparagine
stimulates the dilation of blood vessels
is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase
183
Autonomic motor nerves innervate?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
184
What does glucagon do in blood glucose homeostatsis?
raises blood glucose levels, promotes lipolysis, stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
185
Which of the following organs is dually innervated?
a) adrenal medulla
b) most blood vessels
c) urinary bladder
d) arrector pili muscles
urinary bladder
186
What drugs are known as a beta blocker because the block beta 1 adrenergic receptors and therefor decrease cardiac output to control high blood pressure?
Propanolol and Dobutamine
187
What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on serveral postganglionic neurons
divergence
188
In the phospholipase C mechanism, most of the increased intracellular calcium comes from?
the endoplasmic reticulum
189
which part of the brain helps to regulate the ANS actions from the medulla during motion sickness?
cerebellum
190
Viseral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the?
limbic system
191
The swellings on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitter are called?
varicosities
192
The action of aldosterone secretion is?
stimulates kidneys to retain Na+
causes loos of K+ in urine
an increase of blood volume and pressue
193
Secondary meseengers generated by the actions of phosplipase C?
may activate calmodulin
194
True/False:
| Sympathetic stimulation of an organ ALWAYS opposes the effects of parasympathic stimulation
False
195
True/False:
| Daylight causes stimulation of the pineal gland to release melatonin
False
196
True/False:
| Studies have indicated that aging is associated with increased levels of parasympathertic activity and tone
False
197
True/False:
| Mass activation is a property of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
False
198
True/False:
The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the various target glands control the functions of each other so there is no "master gland"
True
199
True/False:
| Pituitary dwarfism is caused by growth years' hyposecretion of growth hormone
True
200
True/False:
| Many autonomic visceral effector organs can function without nervous innervation
true
201
True/False:
| Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone synthesis occurs in the neurohyophysisi
false
202
True/False:
| Damage to an autonomic nerve makes effector more sensitive to stimulation
true
203
True/False:
| polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones can be taken orally
False
204
Alpha 2 agonistic receptors are blocked by what drugs?
Clonidine and Catapres which have negative feeback and control hypertension and lower BP
205
Alpha 2 antagonistic receptors are blocked by?
Yohimbine and rasies BP, erectile disfuction
206
Beta 1 agonist receprots are blocked by?
Dobutamine which raises heart rate and contraction strength
207
Beta 1 antagonistic receptors are blocked by?
Metoprolol and Atenolol which lower heart rate and control hypertension also refered to as betablockers
Propanol blocks both beta one and 2 but can exacerbate asthma
208
Beta 2 agonsitic receptors are blocked by?
Terbutaline and Albuteral that dialate bronchioles but create constipation
209
Muscarinis cholinergic agonistic receptors are blocked by?
Metacholine and Pilocardine dialating broncioles and Pilocardine contrcits pupils
210
Muscarinic cholenergic antagonisitic recepectors are bocked by?
Atropine which causes muscle relaxation
211
Drug affecting Nicotinic cholinergic agonistic receptors is?
nicotine
212
Druge affecting Nicotinic cholinergic antagonistic receptors?
D-tubocucarine causing significant muscle relaxation
213
Cholinergic receptors are always ___________ stimulatory
ALWAYS
214
Nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia are lonotropic which means they?
create ion channels for Na+ and K+
215
Muscarinic receptors on viseral organs can be inhibitory or stimulatory and ultimatley open?
a K+, Ca2+, or Na+ channel
216
Nonadrenergic non chilinergic fibers are?
Neurotransmitter including ATP, vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide
217
What are complementary effects?
both divisions produce a similar effect on target cell
218
Describe how salivary glands work with nervous system
parasympathetic-secretion of watery salvia
| Sympathetic-thickens saliva
219
What are cooperative effects?
both divisions produce different effects that work together to promote a single action
220
An example of cooperative effects are?
erection and ejaculation
para-vasodilation causing erection
sympa-ejaculation
OR urination
para-contracts bladder
symp-maintains muscle tone
221
Organs with dual innervation involve what division of the nervous system only?
sympa
222
An example of organs with dual innervation are?
adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles of skin and many blood vessels
223
Baroreceptors are part of the ________ and are what?
Autonomic NS and are specialized stretch receptors in blood vessels
224
Chemoreceptors are part of the ________ and are what?
Autonomic nervous system and detect changes in pH and chemical concentration
225
Sensory input to the brain's integrating center modify?
the actions of pregang. neurons
226
The medulla oblongata is responsible for?
cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary and reproductive functions
227
The hypothalamus is?
the main reguatory center for ANS and controls body temp, hunger and thirst
228
The limbic system is?
Autonomic and responds during emotional stress
229
The cerebeluum is responsible for?
motion sickness
230
The telencephalon is responsible for?
emothions and 'person'
231
Aging is caused by the?
sympa. nervous system
232
What are the two types of glands in body?
endocrine-ductless
| exocrine-ducts
233
Hormones act on ______ _____ and these have receptors for the specific hormones.
target cells
234
What are some examples of organs that secrete hormones?
Heart, liver, kidneys, skin and stomach
235
Neurohormones are secreted by the?
hypothalamus
236
Monoamines such as epinephrine and norepinephine are produced by the?
adrenal medulla
237
Inuslin is made up of?
2 polypeptide chains
238
Both lutenizing hormone (LH) and follical stimulating hormone are both examples of
glycoproteins
239
Exmaples of sex steroids are>
Estrogen, testosterone
| corticosteroids
240
coticosteriods are produced in
adrenal cortext
241
Both steroids and thyroid hormones are?
lipophilic and hydrophobic
242
What is special about lipophilic and hydrophobic hormones? In regards to medicine
They can be taken orally because they dont break down in digestive track
243
Polar water soluble hormones cannot be taken?
orally becauses they cannot cross the membrane so they must be injected
244
What are Pre-hormones?
a molecule released by endocine gland when altered by target cell becomes functioning hormone
245
An example of a pre-hormone is?
insulin is produced from proinsulin
246
What are the differences between neurotransmitters and hormones?
- both interact with specific receptors
| - mechanisms to turnoff target cell activity
247
Sex steroids are produced in the?
gonads
248
Corticosteroids are produced in the?
adrenal cortex
249
9-cis retinoicacid is produced? and is a member of the?
from vitamin A
| thyroid hormone family
250
Calictrol is produced from? and is a member of?
vitamin D
| Thyroid hormone family
251
The steroid hormone family ___________ in the blood
can't be dissolved
252
Nuclear proetins (nuclear hormone receptors) ac tin?
the nucleus
253
Where do transcription factors bond?
bond to gene promoter and turn transcription on and off
254
What are the two domains of the Nuclear factors?
ligand binding domain for hormone
| DNA binding domain for hormone response (element on DNA)
255
What are the steps for how a steroid hormone function?
1) SH to carrier protein
2) detach from carrier
3) enter target
4) attach to nuclear receptor protein
5) translocated into nucleus
6) binds to half-site on DNA (hormone response element)
7) Another hormone/nuclear receptor binds to 2nd half site
8) dimerize into homodimer
9) Transcription is turned on of off
256
Estrogen helps in bone by?
preventing osteoporosis
257
Thyroid hormone is produced from
tyrosine
258
What are the steps in the Thyroid hormone mechanism of action
1) Produced from tyrosine
2) 4 iodine atoms 3
- tetraiodothyronine or thyroxonine or triodothyronine
3) thryroxine binding globulin carrier protein
4) Forms heterodimer-first half sight has TR receptor and 2nd half sight has RXR
5) Turns transcription on and off
259
9-cis retinoic acid is the receptor for what? and what does it do?
Receptor for thyroid hormone and turns transcription on or off
260
What is the mechanism for Adenylate cyclase (cAMP) which contains monoamines, polypeptides and glycoproteins?
1) Hormone binds receptor
2) G protein moves through membrane
3) G protein turns on Adenylate cyclase
4) Adenylate cyclase uses ATP to become cAMP
5) cAMP inadvertantly acticates protein kinase by binding to regulatory subunit
6) Proein kinase phosphorylates proteins
261
To turn off protein kinase-
1) protein phosphorylated
2) cAMP destroyed by PDE
3) G proteins shut themselves off
262
What is the mechanism for Alpha Adrenergic receptors
1) Hormone binds to regulator
2) G -protein foes its thing
3) G-protein actives phospholipase
4) Phospholipase C takes a membrane phospholipid IP# & DAG
5) IP3 binds to Ca2+ ligand channels in ER
6) Ca2+ open and Ca2+ rushes into cell from ER
7) Ca2+ binds to calmodulin
8) Ca2+/calmodulin complex formed
9) Ca2+/calmodulin complex turns on protein kinases which generate ESP and cause vasocontriction of blood vessels on skin viscera
263
To turn off Alpha Adrengergic Receptors
1) IP3 phosphatase breaks down IP3
2) Ca2+ pump in ER mem stops
3) G-proteins turn themselves off
264
depolarization is also referred to as a?
EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential)
265
hyperpolarization is refered to as a ?
IPSP(inhibitory post-synaptic poteintial)
266
to summate means?
to amplify one another
267
to integrate means?
to cancel one another
268
Where does ACH bond?
to skeletal muscle cells
269
What is a agonists for acetylcholine?
muscarine (mushroom poision)
