Test 3 - Study guide questions Flashcards
(21 cards)
1
Q
- Describe someone with high achievement motivation. Explain Adler’s birth order hypothesis.
A
• A student whose goal is to make all A’s (valid Victorian); the eldest child has the highest need to achieve according to Adler.
2
Q
- Give examples of someone with an internal locus of control and someone with an external locus of control. Give examples of someone intrinsically motivated and someone extrinsically motivated.
A
- ILOC – Sees their achievements or failures are results of their own actions.
- ELOC – Sees their achievements or failures as a result of outside sources.
- Intrinsic Motivation – someone who enjoys photography, writing, etc.
- Extrinsic Motivation – someone who enjoys athletics, plays/drama, etc
3
Q
- Describe Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy, sources of efficacy expectations, and learned helplessness.
A
• Focuses on expectations rather than feelings; efficacy expectations are what you are capable of becoming what you must accomplish; learned helplessness is what people expect of you becomes what you fail to do.
4
Q
- Give examples of someone at each level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
A
- Transcendence: spiritual meaning beyond self
- Self-Actualization: self-fulfillment and potential
- Aesthetic: appreciate symmetry, order, and beauty
- Cognitive: to know, understand, and explore
- Esteem: to achieve, gain approval, and recognition
- Belongingness + Love: being with others; accepted.
- Safety: feeling secure and safe, out of danger.
- Physiological: satisfy hunger, thirst, and fatigue
5
Q
- Give examples for each of the five theories of emotion.
A
- James Lang – feedback of the body produces emotion.
- Canon Bard – physiological and emotion feelings occur simultaneously.
- Facial Feedback – someone blushing or smiling
- Schachter Singer – emotion is the product of physiological arousal and our cognitive interpretation of that.
- Opponent Process – for every reaction comes an opposing and opposite reaction.
6
Q
- Give examples of the three personality forces (id, ego, and superego) and explain the three levels of unconsciousness (conscious, preconscious, unconscious).
A
- Id – the most primitive part, it exists at birth and operates on the pleasure principle.
- Ego – begins to emerge during the first year of life; protects the person so they can cope with the real world. Operates on the reality principle.
- Superego – opposes desires of ‘Id’ by enforcing moral restrictions and striving to attain perfection.
- Conscious – contact with the outside world (everyday memories and life)
- Preconscious – beneath the surface of awareness (subconscious)
- Unconscious – difficult to retrieve material (dreams and things you repress)
7
Q
- Describe Freud’s psychosexual stages of development and someone fixated in the oral stage.
A
• Different fixations that a baby can have as they grow. Oral stage occurs during the first year (emphasis on feeding). Problem is obesity.
8
Q
- Explain the basic ideas of the Neo-Freudians and social cognitive (learning) theory
A
- The Neo-Freudians went along with Freud until he began his psychosexual studies and the results came out.
- Social Cognition: observation and modelling (Albert Bandera);
- Reciprocal Determinism: the process in which cognition are influenced by the environment, behavior, and vice versa.
9
Q
- Explain the basic idea of humanistic psychology. Describe Carl Roger’s contributions.
A
• The positive qualities and the need for personal growth and fulfillment; contribution was “Client Centered Therapy”. Used reflective therapy, where the therapist needed genuineness and empathy.
10
Q
- Describe some projective and some objective personality tests.
A
- Projective: TAT – contains pictures and the person must tell a story about the picture, such as how they are feeling, the outcome, etc. Rorschach Inkblot Technique:
- Objective: MBTI, MMPI-2 – considered to be valid and reliable; helps to create an accurate portrayal of someone. Helps find a clinical disorder…
11
Q
- Describe reflexes of neonates that disappear as maturation occurs and name some of the factors that influence parental development.
A
• Babinski rooting, grasping, reflex…
12
Q
- Give examples of someone in each of Piaget’s four stages.
A
- Sensory Motor – (0-2) summary of the body moment interacting with the environment
- Pre-Operational – (2-6) learning to represent the world symbolically in a visual way. Egocentric: still focused on themselves and cannot understand that others are not revolved around their lives.
- Concrete-Operational – (7-11) the ability to predict reactions and reason logically.
- Formal Operational – (12-Adult) characterized by the ability to use abstract thinking,
13
Q
- Give examples of a parent using each of Baumrind’s parenting styles. Which style is preferred and why?
A
- Authoritarian – controlling, may use punishment and abuse, can cause the child to have anxiety.
- Indulgent – gives whatever the child wants, very few restrictions
- Authoritative – warm and caring, they discuss but they have the final say.
- Neglectful – doesn’t pay attention to the child.
14
Q
- Give examples of someone in each of Erikson’s stages 1-4
A
- Trust vs Mistrust – (birth-1) baby relaxed, handed to a stranger
- Autonomy vs Doubt – (2-3) start saying “no” and “mine”; need to try out skills at their own pace and not to be pushed.
- Initiative vs Guilt – (4-5) encourage children to feel free to try new activities and to ask questions; give chores so they will feel valued.
- Industry vs Inferiority – (6-11) need to learn basic and academic social skills
15
Q
- Give examples of someone in each of Erikson’s stages 5-8.
A
- Identity vs Role-Confusion – (12-18) who am i?
- Intimacy vs Isolation – (20-40) who are you?
- Generativity vs Stagnation – (40-65) a sense of inner confidence resulting in accomplishment in work, marriage, or parenthood.
- Integrity vs Despair – (65-Death) life-review process and whether it is good or bad.
16
Q
- Give examples of someone in each of Kohlberg’s stages 1-4.
A
- Obedience to avoid Punishment – cognitive pre-requisite: re-operations
- Satisfy needs and gain rewards – making deals with others (“you scratch my back”)
- Good boy – good girl – moral decisions based on approval and thinking of others
- Law and order – obedience relative to authority, with no exceptions
17
Q
- Give examples of someone in each of Kohlberg’s stages 4½ -6.
A
- Transitional Stage; relativistic, sees problems in today’s society but does not know what to do about them so DOES NOTHING.
- Concerned with meeting the needs of society – greatest good for the majority
- Obedience to one’s own conscience – willing to suffer consequences for one’s decision.
18
Q
- Describe basic characteristics of early adulthood, middle age, and older adulthood. Which group fears death the least?
A
- Early – physical and personal, marriage and parenthood, jobs and careers.
- Middle – physical changes that show the end of youth, job satisfaction
- Older – chronic health issues and problems
- Older fears death least. (80% of all elderly people have chronic health problems)
19
Q
- Give examples of someone in each of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying.
A
- Denial – rejecting the fact that you are dying.
- Anger – resenting what has happened, who has wronged you.
- Bargaining – ask for more time, bargain with God…
- Depression – I’m going to die, sorrow towards that.
- Acceptance – realizing there isn’t anything to be done and accepting the death.
20
Q
- List the four types of child abuse. Give three physical and behavioral indicators for each.
A
- Physical Abuse – unexplained bruises, burns, fractures… self-destructive, withdrawn or aggressive behavioral extremes, chronic runaway.
- Physical Neglect – abandonment, hygiene, extreme loneliness… fatigue, steals food, self-destructive.
- Sexual Abuse – roll-reversal, overly concerned for siblings, withdrawn (chronic depression)… non-touching, obscene language, pornographic exposure…
- Emotional Abuse – speech disorders, substance abuse, ulcers-asthma-severe allergies… delinquent behavior, developmentally delayed, passive-aggressive behavioral extremes.
21
Q
- Name and describe (in detail) the Three R’s for Educators. Select three statically statements (from additional information) and share with class.
A
- About 90% of abusive parents were abused themselves.
- 90% of the time the children is abused by someone they know, love, or trust.
- Approximately 1% of children lie about being abused.
- The Three R’s: Recognize, Report, and Respond.
