Test 4

Question 1

_____ can be defined as the development of a new operant by the reinforcement of successive approximations of that behavior and the extinction of earlier approximations of that behavior until the new behavior occurs. AKA: helps establish a behavior an individual has never performed.

Answer 1

Shaping

Question 2

Shaping involves ____ ____ and _____ by reinforcing a response that occurs with a frequency greater than zero and at least resembles the final behavior outcome. For example, when a child is learning how to go from babbling to saying “mommy” they start with babbling or sounds and the positive reinforcement is the mothers smiles or kisses, then as the words gradually become mama and soon mommy, the ma sound is subjected to operant extinction.

Answer 2

positive reinforcement ; extinction

Question 3

______ is useful to jump start behaviors that may not occur on their own like speech in a child. Sometimes positive reinforcement is not enough to get desired behavior and shaping allows someone to shape a previous existing behavior into a desirable one. Shaping can increase or decrease behaviors.

Answer 3

Shaping

Question 4

________ movements like serving a tennis ball or free throw shots.

Answer 4

Topography

Question 5

_____ ____: Number of instances within time like how many dishes washed in 5 minutes or how many grapes eaten in 10 minutes.

Answer 5

Amount Frequency

Question 6

____ _____: Continuous amount of time that behavior last like treading water or time studied before a break.

Answer 6

Amount Duration

Question 7

_____ Time between the controlling stimulus and the behavior like time it takes you to start something or time between asking for the time and looking at your watch.

Answer 7

Latency:

Question 8

_____ Amount of energy expanded on behavior (physical response) like force of a punch in boxing or a force in swing for baseball.

Answer 8

Intensity:

Question 9

What is meant by the term final target behavior in a shaping program? Give an example.

• So you want to identify what the target behavior will be once the _____ ____ _____ ____ by having a set of guidelines and a precise statement that identify the five dimensions (topography, frequency, duration, intensity, latency) so it can increase consistent reinforcement of successive approximations for behavior. An example would be working your way up to walking a mile each day at the end of your shaping.

Answer 9

shaping process is over

Question 10

What is meant by the term starting behavior in a shaping program? Give an example.

-You have to have a starting behavior in order to get to your target, even if they are dissimilar. This means you have to have a behavior that occurs within the session time that can be given ______ in order to approximate the final behavior. An example is Frank walking around his house at first to get to the target behavior of jogging a quarter mile.

Answer 10

reinforcement

Question 11

Why is it necessary to avoid under reinforcement at any shaping step?

-Because you can lose the previous approximation through ____ without the new approximation.

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

Why is it necessary to avoid reinforcing too many times at any shaping step?

-Because you can progress ___ ____ and with a behavior being reinforced alot, this could slow the progression of new approximations.

Answer 12

too slow

Question 13

Give an example of the Unaware-Misapplication Pitfall in which shaping might be accidentally applied to develop an undesirable behavior.
Describe some of the shaping steps in your example.

-An example would be a child riding a bike, first they get ______ when they ride solo, so they go faster or maybe one handed which gets applause, but then the child lets go with both hands and feet which causes the child to go too far and injure themselves.

Answer 13

reinforcement

Question 14

State a rule for deciding when to move the learner to a new approximation (see p. 69).

-You want to move when the learner performs the current step correctly 6 out of 10 trials, usually with 1 or 2 trials less perfect than desired an 1 or 2 trials which behavior is better than ____ ____

Answer 14

current step

Question 15

What was the purpose of this study? (hint: Look at the last paragraph in the introduction prior to the methods section) -

To analyze how peers can influence our ___ ____, but specifically to evaluate high and low consumptions modeling on ____ ___

Answer 15

drinking rate

Question 16

What were the behaviors targeted for change (dependent variables; DV)?

Answer 16

• Ounces consumed per minute

Question 17

What was the subject instructed to do at the start of the session?

• The subjects were told that this was a study being done on ___ ___ ___

Answer 17

normal drinking patterns

Question 18

What type of experimental design was used in this study?

• _____
  Baseline (A): Confederate models introduced as another student in the study of normal drinking; Confederates matched the drinking rate of the participant
  Intervention (B): 2 of the 3 confederates modelled a fast drinking rate by increasing their drinking rate to 1/3 more than the subjects baseline
  Intervention (C): 2 of the 3 confederates modelled a slow drinking rate by decreasing their drinking rate to 1/3 less than the subjects baseline

Answer 18

ABACA

Question 19

What was the independent variable (IV)?

• The ___ ____ ____ the confederates were given

Answer 19

3 different instructions

Question 20

What were the results of this study?

• Modelled drinking rates dramatically ____ the subjects’ rates of beer consumption

Answer 20

influenced

Question 21

Discuss some implications of these findings.

Major Contribution:
Demonstrating the influences of ___ ___ ___- on individual drinking rate

Limitations:
Limited participant characteristics and the limited alcoholic drinks (beer)
The use of deception in the instructions

Extensions:
Does the effect change with individuals who are heavy or light drinkers?

Does the effect change with known vs. unknown peers?

Does informing the participants of the purpose to look at the effects of peer modeling drinking rate on their own drinking rate, change the observed effect?

Answer 21

peer drinking rate

Question 22

A ____ are people, objects, events that are present in one’s immediate surroundings that impinge one’s sense receptors and affect behavior. Examples are when the boss is present you don’t slack off or when it rains you wear rain shoes.

Answer 22

Stimulus

Question 23

………… is how we identify the antecedent (cue organism to perform learned behavior) or consequence.

Answer 23

Antecedents Behavior Consequences (ABA)

Question 24

Define stimulus control.-

Stimulus Control refers to a ___ correlation between occurrence of antecedent stimulus and occurrence of subsequent response. When a stimulus occurs, response is likely to follow.

Answer 24

strong

Question 25

What is good stimulus control? Describe an example that is not in this chapter. - ____ ____ to tell you the speed limit are a good stimulus control of drivers or pressing the floor in an elevator to get you to the destination you require.

Answer 25

Traffic signs

Question 26

# Define SD and give an example. Identify both the SD and the response in the example. -ESSDE is a cue that the response will pay off, an example would be joking with your friend about an inside joke. The ____ is your friend The Response is ____ and the Reinforcer would be ____ from your friend.

Answer 26

ESSDE ; Joking ; laughter

Question 27

# Define SΔ and give an example. Identify both the SΔ and the response in the example. -ESSDELTA is a cue that the response will ___ pay off, an example would be telling your inside joke to a customer at work. The ESSDELTA is the customer The Response is ____ and the Reinforcer would be ___ and No positive attention because they had to be there to get it and now it’s just awkward.

Answer 27

NOT ; Joking ; None

Question 28

What is the difference between a stimulus and a discriminative stimulus? -A ............ is what is within our immediate surroundings that are potential to strike up a learned behavior or consequence and is more of an open ended definition. A .............. is more of a controlled stimuli in which there will be a positive response to what is present.

Answer 28

stimulus ; discriminative stimulus

Question 29

Describe an example (not from this chapter) of a stimulus that is an SD for one behavior and an SΔfor a different behavior. -Let’s say we were to ask someone to turn left at the upcoming light, the SD would be the ........... to make a left and the S^(triangle) would be.......

Answer 29

statement of the person ; turning right

Question 30

What were the target behaviors of interest in this study (provide definitions) and why were they considered socially significant targets? Parent – either ____ ____ or ignoring the child waking Child – decrease the amount of ____ ____

Answer 30

paying attention ; night waking

Question 31

What experimental design was used in this study? (p. 93) Briefly describe what it looks like. Non-contingent multiple baseline design BL 1 → telling parents to respond to their child like normal for 7 days TX 1 → parents were instructed to discontinue the use of previous management techniques and to expect an increase in night waking BL 2 → see BL 1 TX 2 → see TX 1 They ____ this until the child was able to sleep through the night more frequently

Answer 31

repeated

Question 32

How were “night wakings” measured in this study? (Hint: Think about the different dimensions of behavior)

Answer 32

Frequency and duration

Question 33

What were the overall (general) results of the study? Was the intervention successful? Frequency of awakenings ____ for all subjects Duration of awakenings decreased for all subjects Good maintenance at 3 months and 1 year follow up Improvements in sleep behavior scale for all Decreased parental attention during EXT

Answer 33

decreased

Question 34

What was the assumed reinforcer for children’s night wakings?

Answer 34

Parental attention

Question 35

Describe process of stimulus control and extinction in the study. ___ ____ – parents saying “good night” to their child _____ – parent left room and ignored night awakenings

Answer 35

Stimulus control ; extinction

Question 36

Why would an intermittent schedule of social reinforcement harm the effect of the intervention? (p. 93) I believe it would harm the effect of the intervention because other people are not putting the children to bed, it is the parents, so they would ____ with the experiment/treatment

Answer 36

interfere

Question 37

2. Describe or define behavioral chain, and give an example other than those in this chapter. - Also known as____ ___ ___ is a consistent sequence of stimuli and responses that occur closely to each other in time and in which that last response is typically followed by a reinforcer. An example would be waking up and taking your dog for a walk, in between you have units that create this behavior for your morning routine.

Answer 37

Stimulus Response Chain

Question 38

Distinguish between a behavioral sequence that is a chain and one that is not a chain. A ___ ___ would be like brushing your teeth or tying your shoes. Not a chain would be a behavior that ___ ___ ___, but also has inconsistent series in between that are not close in time and that the SD is a response for each stimulus.

Answer 38

behavior chain ; may have steps

Question 39

Describe an example of a behavioral sequence that is not a chain, and explain why it is not one. One that is ____ __ __ would be studying for exam, taking exam, and showing up next class for grade this is not a chain because there are steps in between like memorizing, reading, writing and breaks that is not a consistent series of stimuli and responses that occur close in time.

Answer 39

not a chain ;

Question 40

Briefly describe the total-task presentation ____ ___ This method is where the individual attempts all the steps from the beginning to the end of the chain on each trial and continues with total task trials until that person learns the chain. Prompting is provided at each step and the reinforcer follows correct completion of final step. An example would be teaching children with disabilities to brush their teeth.

Answer 40

chaining method

Question 41

Briefly describe the backward chaining method. -Is a method that constructs the chain in ____ order from that in which the chain is performed. You teach the last step first, then the second to last step to the last step, then the third to last step to the second to last step to the last step and so on so that you can get the behavior you want performed. Helpful for children with ____

Answer 41

reverse ; disabilities.

Question 42

Briefly describe the forward chaining method. -Is used more often in ___ ____, this method teaches the initial first in sequence then teaches and links together the first and second steps, the first three, and so on until entire chain is acquired. Like mm-mmi-mmill-milk.

Answer 42

everyday situations

Question 43

In a chain, a given stimulus is both an SD and a conditioned reinforcer. How can this be? Explain with an example. -A stimulus is both an SD and ___ ____ because in backward chaining the strength of these two functions are developed systematically by the power of the positive reinforcer presented at the end that builds in conditioned reinforcer for stronger response. Forward and Total chaining functions as SD for the next response and as a conditioned reinforcer for previous response.

Answer 43

Conditioned reinforcer (CR)

Question 44

What is meant by the term task analysis? -The process of ____ ____ a task into smaller steps or component responses to facilitate training

Answer 44

breaking down

Question 45

Describe a problem of a behavioral excess in which an immediate reinforcer wins out over a delayed punisher for the behavior. ____ ___ would be to lie to your parents about not having homework. ____ ___ would be being grounded.

Answer 45

Immediate reinforcer ; Delayed punisher

Question 46

Describe a problem of behavioral excess in which an immediate reinforcer wins out over a cumulatively significant punisher for the behavior. An extra dessert is immediately reinforced by the taste. The accumulation of _____ on numerous occasions causes problems.

Answer 46

overeating

Question 47

Describe a problem of a behavioral excess in which an immediate reinforcer (for the problem behavior) wins out over a delayed reinforcer (for an alternative desirable behavior). Watching a movie now and receiving a ___ __ on your exam later vs. studying 3 hours and getting a ___ ___

Answer 47

low grade ; higher grade

Question 48

Describe a problem of a behavioral deficiency that occurs because the behavior leads to immediate small punishers that win out over cumulatively significant reinforcers for the behavior. Immediate ___ ____ from working out - tiring and time consuming. Constant working out is what leads to an increase in cardiovascular fitness, increased muscular strength, flexibility, etc…

Answer 48

small punishers

Question 49

Describe a problem of a behavioral deficiency that occurs because immediate small punishers for the behavior win out over immediate but highly improbable major punishers if the behavior does not occur. ____ ___ ___ ___ because it can be hot and uncomfortable. Improbable major punisher would be injuring your head from not wearing a helmet.

Answer 49

Not wearing a helmet

Question 50

Describe a problem of a behavioral deficiency that occurs because an immediate small punisher for the behavior wins out over a delayed major punisher if the behavior does not occur. ___ ___ to the dentist to avoid the pain and drills leads to a delayed punishment of major dental problems.

Answer 50

Not going

Question 51

Describe the behavioral model of self-control. An individual must ____ a controlling behavior to effect a change in a behavior to be controlled.

Answer 51

emit

Question 52

Describe five steps that you could take to strengthen and maintain your commitment to a program of self-control. 1. Specify the problem and set goals 2. Make a commitment to change 3. Take data and analyze causes 4. Design and implement a treatment plan 5. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Answer 52

Prevent relapse and make your gains last

Question 53

Describe three different strategies for manipulating consequences in self-control programs in a sentence or two for each. One strategy for manipulating consequents events is to eliminate certain reinforcers that may inadvertently strengthen a particularly undesirable behavior in a specific situation. Ex. Al’s eating at home, kitchen, times. Consequences is recording and graphing the target behavior that shows gradual enhancement can serve as a prompt for positive thoughts about the progress. Consequences involves arranging to receive specific reinforcers when you show improvement or even for just sticking to the program. ___ ___ ___ ___

Answer 53

Manage their own program.

Question 54

Describe three different ways of arranging for reinforcers to be received in a self-control program in a sentence or two for each. Make it possible for you to earn specific reinforcers on a ___ ___ Set up bonuses that you can earn for progress on a weekly basis Vary the reinforcers from one day to the next, and one week to the next to prevent boredom with the entire system If possible and desirable have other individuals dispense the reinforcers to you for meeting your goals Tell others about your progress.

Answer 54

daily basis

Question 55

A ____ _____ is a written agreement that provides a clear statement of what behaviors of what individuals will produce what reinforcers and who will deliver those reinforcers.

Answer 55

behavioral contract

Question 56

What important stimulus–control functions does a behavioral contract serve? The ___ ___ ___ is important to a behavioral contract that serves a strategy for scheduling the exchange of reinforcers between two or more individuals. For instance a teacher and a student.

Answer 56

stimulus control functions

Question 57

a. Immediate reinforcers vs. delayed punishers for a behavior. _____ b. Immediate reinforcers vs. cumulatively significant punishers for a behavior .............

Answer 57

Lying ; many cigarettes that causes health problems in the long run.

Question 58

c. immediate reinforcers for problem behavior vs. delayed reinforcers for alternative desirable behavior: ................ d. Immediate small punishers for behavior vs. cumulatively significant reinforcers non exercising, high cardiovascular time consuming e. Immediate small punisher for a behavior vs. immediate but improbable major punisher if the behavior does not occur wearing a helmet is safety, but don’t do it because friends will laugh.

Answer 58

watching tv to get a low grade for not studying ......

Question 59

Immediate small punisher for a behavior versus delayed major punisher if the behavior does not occur People don’t exercise because its uncomfortable and hot. The thought of the drill is a ____, writing down lectures notes are tiresome.

Answer 59

punisher

Question 60

What are some antecedents you can modify in self-management?

Answer 60

The sight of the food

Question 61

What are some consequences you can modify in self-management?

Answer 61

You eat too full.

Question 62

______ _____ -Refers to strong correlation between occurrence of antecedent stimulus and subsequent response. Strong correlation=Good (strong) stimulus control

Answer 62

Stimulus control

Question 63

_________-A cue that a response will pay off.

Answer 63

Discriminative stimulus (SD; “ess-dee”)

Question 64

_______ A cue that a response will not pay off or be reinforced.

Answer 64

SΔ (“ess-delta”)-

Question 65

_____ _____ ____ Refers to the procedure of reinforcing a response in the presence of an SD and extinguishing that response in the presence of an S^. The effects can be described as 1 a good stimulus control which is the strong correlation between the occurrence of a particular stimulus and a particular response or 2..

Answer 65

Stimulus discrimination training

Question 66

______ -A response occurs to an SD not S^, like when Johnny swore when with other kids but not when with grandparents.

Answer 66

Stimulus discrimination.

Question 67

_______ Development of new behavior by the reinforcement of successive approximations of that behavior and the extinction of earlier approximations of that behavior. Mmm, ma, mama, mom.

Answer 67

Shaping-

Question 68

____ ______ Selective reinforcement of a particular response

Answer 68

Differential reinforcement-

Question 69

_______-Ending of reinforcement for a previously reinforced response

Answer 69

Extinction

Question 70

____ ____-Also known as Stimulus Response Chain, is a consistent sequence of stimuli and responses that occur closely to each other in time and the last response is typically followed by reinforcer. Each response produces a stimulus that serves SD for next step.

Answer 70

Behavioral Chain

Question 71

____ ____ ____ Also known as Behavior Chain, links that hold the chain together. The chain will break, in which you have to strengthen the weak stimulus by means of effective training

Answer 71

Stimulus-response chain

Question 72

____ ____- A neutral stimulus paired with a primary reinforcer until the neutral stimulus takes on the reinforcing properties of the primary. A clicker, after being repeatedly associated with a food treat or other reinforcer, becomes a conditioned reinforcer. A cue, which is the green light for behavior that leads to some kind of treat.

Answer 72

Conditioned reinforcer