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SEM IV - Advanced Rad Imaging > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

0
Q

The ratio of x-rays incident on the input phosphor to light photons exiting the output phosphor is called flux gain

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1
Q

• The brightness gain is the product of the minification gain and the flux gain

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2
Q

The capability of an image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image is called its brightness gain

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3
Q

Television monitoring allows brightness and contrast to be controlled electronically

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4
Q

Automatic brightness control (ABC) maintains the brightness of the image by varying kVp and mA

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5
Q

An image intensifier tube is identified by the diameter of its input phosphor

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6
Q

The input phosphor converts x-rays to light.

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7
Q

Automatic brightness control (ABC) maintains the brightness of the image by varying kVp and mA.

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8
Q

The output phosphor or crystal of the image intensifier is composed zinc cadmium sulfide.

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9
Q

Flouroscopic machines are usually equipped with a timer and an alarm that are set to sound after 5 minutes.

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10
Q

The person who is credited for the invention of the fluoroscope machine was Thomas Edison.

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11
Q

The small bowel follow through study is completed when the contrast reaches the Ileocecal valve.

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12
Q

Barium Enemas and Upper GI’s can be done with both single and double contrast.

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13
Q

The patient should drink plenty of water after any fluoroscopic procedure involving contrast

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14
Q

Fluoroscopy uses high kVp and low mAs

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15
Q

Automatic brightness control (ABC) maintains the brightness of the image by varying kVp and mA

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16
Q

The milliamperage used during fluoroscopy is 5 mA

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17
Q

The photocathode in the image intensifier emits electrons when it is stimulated by light photons

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18
Q

The number of light photons emitted within the image intensifier is directly proportional to the amount of x-ray photons exiting the patient

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19
Q

Light produced at the output phosphor of the image intensifier has been increased 50 -75 times in intensity

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20
Q

Electrons hit the output phosphor after exiting the anode

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21
Q

Fluoroscopy was developed so that radiologists could view dynamic images.

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22
Q

The image intensifier improved fluoroscopy by increasing image brightness.

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23
Q

X-rays that exit the patient and enter the image intensifier first interact with the input phosphor.

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24
Q

Viewing the fluoroscopic image in magnification mode increases contrast resolution, spatial resolution, and patient dose.

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25
Q

The TV camera allowed the radiologist to view the images without being in the primary beam.

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26
Q

Viewing the fluoroscopic image in magnification mode increases contrast resolution, spatial resolution , and patient dose

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27
Q

Image intensified fluoroscopy is performed at illumination levels similar to radiograph viewing

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28
Q

The rods in the retina are stimulated by low light; the cones are stimulated by bright light

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29
Q

The ability of the eye to detect differences in brightness levels is termed contrast perception

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30
Q

The Half-life (T) of a radionuclide is described as the time it takes for the radionuclide to decay to half its original activity

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31
Q

Xenon-133 lung ventilation/perfusion scan is used to evaluate pulmonary emboli

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32
Q

The Nuclear Medicine test that helps diagnose Graves disease (plummer disease) due to an increased uptake of 123 Iodine is a thyroid scan

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33
Q

Scintillation detectors or gamma cameras use crystals that change radioactive emissions into light photons

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34
Q

The most common radionuclide used in nuclear medicine is technetium (99mTc)

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35
Q

Collimators are used in nuclear medicine to keep scattered rays from entering the camera

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36
Q

PET scans are primarily used to diagnose, stage, or restage cancer

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37
Q

PET scanning is an examination that can look at a patient’s physiology

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38
Q

The most common device used to produce nuclides for NM scanning is the compact medical cyclotron

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39
Q

One of the major benefits of fusion imaging with PET and CT is metabolic and anatomical evaluation is easier

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40
Q

Naturally occurring radionuclides are not used for nuclear medicine imaging because there is a high patient dose from natural radionuclides

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41
Q

Effective half-life longer than the examination time, suitable chemical forms for rapid localization , and primary photon energy between 100 and 400 keV are all desirable properties of NM radiopharmaceuticals

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42
Q

The radiotracer for PET scanning is chosen for its similarity to naturally occurring biochemicals

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43
Q

A typical gamma camera detector head contains 80 to 100 PMTs

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44
Q

A pixel is a single square, or picture element in the image display matrix

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45
Q

FOV determines the amount of data displayed on the monitor

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46
Q

A volume element is called a voxel

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47
Q

A relative comparison of xray attenuation of a voxel of tissue to an equal volume of water is a CT number

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48
Q

The CT number of water is 0

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49
Q

The major system components of a CT scanner are Gantry, computer and operators console, and patient table

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50
Q

A Gantry is a circular device that houses the X-ray tube, DAS, and detector array

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51
Q

X-ray tubes used in advanced CT scanners can tolerate 4-5 MHU

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52
Q

Slice thickness, table index, and RADIOGRAPHIC factors can be selected at the operators console

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53
Q

The range of CT numbers that are used to map signals into shades of gray is called the window width

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54
Q

The midpoint of the range of gray levels to be displayed on the monitor is the window level

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55
Q

A narrow window width would display high contrast

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56
Q

The window level should be set to the CT number of the tissue of interest

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57
Q

CT is the examination of choice for head trauma

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58
Q

The amount of blurring in a CT image is termed spatial resolution

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59
Q

The ability to differentiate between small differences in density within the CT image is called contrast resolution

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60
Q

The most significant geometric factor that contributes to spatial resolution is detector aperture width

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61
Q

Random variation in photon detection results in quantum noise

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62
Q

Detector aperture width, matrix size, and patient size all contribute to image noise in CT

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63
Q

Metallic objects such as dental fillings can cause artifacts

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64
Q

High resolution CT scans are made using thinner sections or slices

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65
Q

Contrast resolution and noise are affected by xray beam energy

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66
Q

Spatial resolution is affected by focal spot size

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67
Q

Tissue density differences of less than 0.5% can be distinguished by CT

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68
Q

Reconstruction algorithm effects all of the image factors except for artifacts

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69
Q

The image that appears on the monitor depends on the scan diameter

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70
Q

Dynamic scanning is based on the principle that different structures enhance at different rates after contrast administration

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71
Q

Spiral or helical CT involves continuous gantry rotations combined with constant table movement through the aperture

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72
Q

Maximum intensity projection is a 3-D imaging technique commonly used for CTA

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73
Q

Segmentation is not a method got 3-D reconstruction

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74
Q

Most CT systems require preventative maintenance weekly to biweekly to ensure proper operation

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75
Q

Field of view does not affect radiation dose in CT

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76
Q

The anatomic scan range for a basic head CT is from the base of skull to the vertex of head

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77
Q

The anatomic scan range for a CT of the c-spine is occipital condyles to below T2

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78
Q

The typical scan slice thickness for a CT of the abdomen is 1.5mm

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SEM IV - Advanced Rad Imaging (6 decks)

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