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Microbiology > test number 2 > Flashcards

test number 2 Flashcards

1
Q

genotype

A

the specific set of genes that an organism possesses

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2
Q

phenotype

A

the collection of all observable characteristic due to gene expression

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3
Q

pointmutation

A

one purine base replaced for another or one pyrimidine base replaced with another
(A&G) or (C&T)

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4
Q

frame shift mutation

A

one or two base pairs are inadvertently deleted from sequence
a break in one of the dna sequence
addition of deletion of bases

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5
Q

resistant mutation

A

a mutation that allows a microorganism to resist a certain pathogen, MO, chemical or antibiotic

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6
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

mutations arising from chance events in the environment

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7
Q

induced mutations

A

controlled lab experiments

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8
Q

transformation

A 
transfer of plasmids (naked DNA) from one cell to another 
Live R- survive 
Live S- death 
Dead S- survive 
Live R+ Dead S- deaths
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9
Q

conjucation

A

occurs between related genera in the same family, transfer of plasmids over a period of contact

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10
Q

transduction

A

bacteriophage carries genes from one bacteria to another

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11
Q

transcription

A

mRNA takes opposite base pairs from DNA and gets them ready for translation

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12
Q

translation

A

3 base pairs from the mRNA are translated into 1 amino acid in the ribosome

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13
Q

gene must be _____ in order for it to produce a gene

A

activated

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14
Q

Termination sequence for translation is formed in the

A

DNA templete

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15
Q

antiseptics

A

used on tissues, used to eliminate MOs and are milder than disinfectants

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16
Q

disinfection

A

eliminates all or many pathogens in the inanimate objects with the exception of spores
less lethal than sterilization

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17
Q

high level disinfectants

A

kills spores (chlorine dioxide, H2O2) used with issues of contamination

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18
Q

intermediate disinfectants

A

does not kill spores but will kill M. Tb, fungi, (alcohol, chlorine)

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19
Q

low level

A

does not kills spores, TB, viruses, or fungi

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20
Q

sanitation

A

reduces the numbers of microorganisms on inanimate objects and in the environment to a safe level as judged by public health standards

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21
Q

decontamination

A

presence of disease producing microorganism

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22
Q

degermination

A

removal of transient MOS of the skin by mechanical or chemical means

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23
Q

antimicrobial agent

A

anything that kills or interferes with MOS (antibiotics, disinfectants, UV, intense heat)

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24
Q

critical instruments or devices

A

risk of acquiring infection if the item is contaminated is high
ex. needles, scaples, transfer forceps, cardiac catheters, implants

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25
Q

semi critical instruments

A

do not penetrate body cavities

urinary catheters, optic endoscopes

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26
Q

non-critical instruments and devices

A

face masks, electrodes, x-ray machine

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27
Q

soil

A

interfering matter ex. feces, blood, saliva, perspiration, urine

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28
Q

thermal death point

A

the lowest temperature which all mos are killed in 10minutes

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29
Q

time of exposure

A

in heat treatments longer exposure will compensate for longer exposure time

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30
Q

concentration of disinfectant

A

more concentrate = shorter killing time

less concentrate= may be bacteriostatic

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31
Q

microbial resistant

A

spores, TB, vegetative fungi, very resistant

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32
Q

pasteurization

A

physical method of disinfection destroys vegetative forms while preserving palatability of liquid

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33
Q

ultra pasteurization

A

134 C in less than 1 second

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34
Q

ultra sterilization

A

140 C for second- affects the taste

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35
Q

refrigeration

A

decreases microbial metabolism growth and reproduction

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36
Q

dessication

A

inhibits microbial growth because metabolism requires water

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37
Q

lypholization

A

combines freezing and drying for a few minutes

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38
Q

filtration

A

used for materials that cant be autoclaved

uses a millipore filter

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39
Q

non ionizing radiation

A

UV/infrared does not penetrate solidds, only disinfects surfaces

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40
Q

ionizing radiation

A

X-rays/ Gamma rays

changes the structure or chemistry of mos

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41
Q

Halogens

A

Fluorine, Bromine, Chlorine, Iodine

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42
Q

chlorine

A

liquid or gaseous
oxidation of enzymes
water treatment and disinfects inanimate objects
(Bleach)

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43
Q

Iodine

A

alternative to pure chlorine in treating water, cleaning wounds, and skin, long lasting

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44
Q

tincture of iodine

A

one of the oldest and most effective, low to intermediate level of disinfectant
more reactive than chlorine
used for wounds, and plastic instruments
inactivated by soil

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45
Q

Iodophors

A

betadine or providone
complexes of iodine or detergent soap
long lasting, non-staining, and non-irritating
used for wound treatment, skin, water, and inanimate objects

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46
Q

phenol

A

action: coagulates proteins, disrupts cell membranes
used: skin, surgical germicide
not used, high cost, odor, has effects on skin

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47
Q

phenolic derivates- cresols

A

greater germicidal activity and low toxicity
produced from coal tars
can be mixed with soap
used for environmental surfaces, non critical instruments

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48
Q

hexachlorophene

A

used commercially. clinically, and at home
used in the 50s and 60s in toothpaste, deodorant, and bath soap
PHisophex- neurotoxic to infants
bacteriostatic, used to control staph and strep

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49
Q

Biguanides

A

similar in structure to hexachlorophene but not phenol
controls microorganisms on skin and mucous membranes especially MRSA
combined with a detergent or alcohol used as a surgical scrub or wash
Chlorhexidine, Hibiclens, Hibitane

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50
Q

trislocan

A

added to soaps/ cosmectics/ broad spectrum

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51
Q

heavy metals

A

high atomic weight, contains either an inorganic or organic compounds found in form of liquids, tinctures, ointments, or soaps
may be toxic or cause allergies

52
Q

Mercury

A

skin disinfectants, antiseptics, preservatives, very weak antiseptic, used in cosmetics and eye drops

53
Q

copper

A

active agains chlorophill containing organisms, used in swimming pools, aquaria, 1pt/million of water, prevents mild dew in paints

54
Q

metallic silver

A

incorporated into catheters, prevents UTIS, venous stasis graft, IVs, surgical site, cavity and tunneling wounds.

55
Q

colloidal silver

A

mild germicidal agent in ointments or rinses for the mouth, nose, eyes and vagina

56
Q

zinc

A 
calamine lotion (zinc oxide + ferric oxide) 
mouthwash (zinc chloride) 
antifungal in paints (zinc oxide)
57
Q

organic solvents

A

bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal but not sporocidal

58
Q

alcohols

A

uses: skin, instruments, 70% most effective concentration for antimicrobial
effective for tb
ethyl and isopropyl alcohol are the only ones appropriate for microbial control

59
Q

alcohol is also used to enhance what chemical products?

A

Zephiran

60
Q

Aldehydes

A

actions: reacts with amino and hydroxyl groups in nucleic acids and proteins
uses: cool sterilizing for instruments
unstable/ toxic dilute 1-2%

61
Q

formaldehyde

A

used as a preservative
gas form and suspended in water
penetration is poor
used in shampoo and adhesives to sterilize and to disinfect imported fabrics

62
Q

ethylene oxide

A

gaseous steralint , sterilizes plastics, catheters, sutures, electronic equipment, mattresses, pillows, heart/lung machines, artificial heart valves, dried or powdered foods
must be mixed wiht CO2 or N2
explodes when mixed with air
highly penetrating and slow acting

63
Q

proplyene oxide

A

gaseous stimulant

sterilzation of nuts, powders, starches, and spices

64
Q

beta propiolactone

A

similar to ETO. rapid microbial

sterilizes bones and artificial grafts

65
Q

glutaraldehyde

A

form of formaldyhede
rapid and broad specrum sterilant
stays good in inorganic matter
used to clean machines

66
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A

rinses wounds, scrapes, abrasions, and anaerobic infections
foams and H2O2 is broken into O and water by the catalases in tissues
used for soft contact lenses, utensils, heat sensitive plates, surgical implants

67
Q

ozone

A

highly reactive form of o2
disinfection of air and water, used in industrial ACs and cooling towers
supplements chlorine and disinfection of water
neutralizes tastes and odors

68
Q

peracetic acids

A

most effective liquid chemical sporocidal agents
leaves no toxic residue
minimally affected by presence of organic matter
effective for endospores and viruses for 30 minutes
kills vegitative bacteria and fungi in 5 minutes
used to sterilize rooms and space shuttles

69
Q

soap

A

fatty acid combined with potassium or sodium hydrochloride
PH= 8
not antimicrobial
mechanical washing of skin surface
wetting agents, emulsifies and solubilizes particles clinging to surface

70
Q

detergent

A

synthetic chemicals developed for their ability to be strong wetting agents and surface tension reducers
induces leakage from cell membrane

71
Q

quaternary ammonuim compounds (quats)

A

not sporocidal
used to disinfect floors, walls and furniture
fungicidal, amoebocidal, virucidal

72
Q

qualities of an ideal disinfectant

A

destroys all forms of mos in a practical period of time
nonirritating to tissues; nonallergenic, non toxic
soil does not interfere with its action
leaves no residue
would make effective contact
chemically stable
effective range not easily bypassed by diluting
no disagreeable odor, no stains, inexpensive

73
Q

phenol coefficients

A

the standards of effectiveness (phenol)
if higher than 1 more effective than phenol
if lower than 1 less effective than phenol

74
Q

dilution

A

cylinders dipped into bacteria dry at 37 C and immersed in disinfectant for 10 minutes then incubated for 48 hours

75
Q

antibiotic syngerism

A

combination of 2 antibiotics that have enhanced bactericidal activity when properly tested together

76
Q

antibiotic antagonism

A

one antibiotic interferes with the killing action of another antibiotic

77
Q

beta lactamase

A

an enzyme that breaks down the beta lactamase ring in penicillins.
hydrolysis of the ring protects bacteria from the antimicrobial action of the antibiotic

78
Q

prophylaxsis

A

use of antibiotic for a “just in case” situation

79
Q

superinfection

A

destruction of benefical MOs that allows resistant MOs to over grow

80
Q

5 mechanisms of action for antibiotics

A 
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
alteration of cell membrane 
inhibition of protein synthesis 
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis 
inhibit general metabolic pathways;block pathogens recognition of attachment to host (folate metabolism)
81
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

blocks synthesis of intact peptidoglycan by preventing cross linkages
cell walls are less resistant to osmotic pressure
attacks only growing bacterial cells
doesnt attack human cells because they have no peptidoglycan

82
Q

Drug classes of drugs that block cell wall synthesis

A 
Penicillins 
Cephalosporins 
Carbapenems 
monobactams 
combination drugs 
vancomycin 
bacitran 
ethamnbutol 
TB drugs
83
Q

penicillin G

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

occurs naturally, acid sensitive, narrow spectrum

84
Q

semisynthetic penicillin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis narrow spectrum, good absorption

85
Q

amoxicillin, ampicillin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis broad spectrum

86
Q

nafcillin, methcillin, oxacillin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

treat penicillinase producing MOs

87
Q

cephalosporins

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis same action as penicillin but wider spectrum
divided into generations based on their spectrum of acitivity
normally giving IM or IV

88
Q

1st generation cephalosporin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis similar in action to ampicillin

89
Q

2nd generation cephalosporin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis less active against G+ more active against G-

90
Q

3rd generation cephalosporin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis less active against gram + more active agains gram -

91
Q

4th generation cephalosporin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis enhanced toxicity, extended spectrum

92
Q

carbapenems

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

broad spectrum

93
Q

monobactams

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
synthetic replacement for those allergic to penicillin
crosses placenta and may lead to pseudomonous colitis

94
Q

combination drugs

A

beta lactase inhibitor+ amoxicillin

augmentum= amoxicillin+clavulanic acid

95
Q

vancomycin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
gram +
poor absorption
not the best but it is effective against MRSA and c-diff

96
Q

avapracin

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

used agriculturally, as a growth promoter

97
Q

bacitran

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
prevents cross links from forming in the cell wall
topically for skin ointment, caused by gram +

98
Q

Tuberculosis drugs

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Isoniazid and ethambutol
block mycolic acid and peptidogylcan production

99
Q

Isonizaid

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
penetrates macrophages or walled off areas in the lungs
used in combination with rifampin or ethambutol

100
Q

ethambutol

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Always used in combination and used to treat TB

101
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis

A

as a group, these antibiotics bind to the ribosomal subunits

102
Q

drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A 
aminoglycosides 
tetracyclines 
chloramphenicol 
macrolides 
erythroomycins 
azithromycins 
clindamycin
103
Q

aminoglycosides

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis
amino acids bonded to carbs
bactericail and most toxic
not absorbed orally

104
Q

aminoglycosides can

A

accumilate in the body which can lead to future issues

105
Q

streptomycin

A

dizziness, long term use may lead to damage of the 8th cranial nerve

106
Q

gentamycin

A

less toxic

107
Q

tobramycin

A

used for psuedomonas

108
Q

tetracyclines

A

absorbed easily, take 30 min before eating, avoid antacids because they can b=hinder absorption

109
Q

what happens when pregnant women take tetracyclines

A

yellows discoloration of children under 8

not used in pregnant women bc baby can be born with a full set of teeth

110
Q

tetracyclines treat

A

acne, rosacea, anthrax, lyme disease

111
Q

semisynthetic tetraycline have a longer

A

retention in the body

112
Q

chloramphenicol

A

disrupts protein synthesis in bone marrow cells, first broad spectrum antibiotic developed, accumulates in the CSF, and crosses the blood brain barrier
can accumulate in infants system and cause toxicity (in CVS= grays syndrome)
also may cause aplastic anemia

113
Q

erythromycin

A

bacteriostatic
cant penetrate G-B wall
used for patients who are allergic to penicillin

114
Q

azithromycin

A

Also known as Zpack

used for STIs only 1 or 2 pills

115
Q

Clindamycin

A

used to treat anaerobic infections caused by trauma, surgery or accidents, may cause psuedomonas colitis (C-diff)

116
Q

Alterations of cell membranes

A

changes cell membrane permibility

117
Q

drugs that change the cell membrane

A 
Polymyxins 
B and E (E is used for UTIs) 
nephrotoxic
topical ointment 
used to treat gram -
118
Q

inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

A

binds to RNA polymerase (rifampin) or inhibits DNA gyrase (quinolones)

119
Q

rifampin

A

used in combination to treat M. TB
used for carriers of N menigitidis
structurally related to macrolides
reaches therapeutic levels in CSF and abcesses
color changes in urine, feces, saliva, sweat or tears
may be hepatotoxic
comes out a rusty color (tears sweat and urine)

120
Q

why would it be necessary for an antibiotic to cross the blood brain barrier?

A

to treat leisons/meningitis etc…

121
Q

rifampin can turn what rusty?

A

urine/sweat/tears and amniotic fluid

122
Q

fluoroquinolones

A

inhibition of protein synthesis
end in cin
synthetic, similar to nalidixic acid
broad spectrum, oral, pentrates tissues well
may cause arthropathy in children, adolescents and PG women
absorption is blocked by antacids
used for patients on chemo, post surgical infections, UTIs and TB
used by chicken farmers, enrofloxacin

123
Q

inhibition of metabolic pathways

A

prevents synthesis of folic acid

some hypersensitivities

124
Q

drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways

A

sulfa drugs
used to control infection in burn patients
can christalize in the kidneys, have the patient drink tons of water when they take it

125
Q

antifungal agents

A 
amphotericin B 
Nystatin
grisofulvin
synthetic azoles 
tolnafate 
echinocandins 
pentamidine

Microbiology (9 decks)

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