test number 2 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
genotype
A
the specific set of genes that an organism possesses
2
Q
phenotype
A
the collection of all observable characteristic due to gene expression
3
Q
pointmutation
A
one purine base replaced for another or one pyrimidine base replaced with another
(A&G) or (C&T)
4
Q
frame shift mutation
A
one or two base pairs are inadvertently deleted from sequence
a break in one of the dna sequence
addition of deletion of bases
5
Q
resistant mutation
A
a mutation that allows a microorganism to resist a certain pathogen, MO, chemical or antibiotic
6
Q
spontaneous mutations
A
mutations arising from chance events in the environment
7
Q
induced mutations
A
controlled lab experiments
8
Q
transformation
A
transfer of plasmids (naked DNA) from one cell to another Live R- survive Live S- death Dead S- survive Live R+ Dead S- deaths
9
Q
conjucation
A
occurs between related genera in the same family, transfer of plasmids over a period of contact
10
Q
transduction
A
bacteriophage carries genes from one bacteria to another
11
Q
transcription
A
mRNA takes opposite base pairs from DNA and gets them ready for translation
12
Q
translation
A
3 base pairs from the mRNA are translated into 1 amino acid in the ribosome
13
Q
gene must be _____ in order for it to produce a gene
A
activated
14
Q
Termination sequence for translation is formed in the
A
DNA templete
15
Q
antiseptics
A
used on tissues, used to eliminate MOs and are milder than disinfectants
16
Q
disinfection
A
eliminates all or many pathogens in the inanimate objects with the exception of spores
less lethal than sterilization
17
Q
high level disinfectants
A
kills spores (chlorine dioxide, H2O2) used with issues of contamination
18
Q
intermediate disinfectants
A
does not kill spores but will kill M. Tb, fungi, (alcohol, chlorine)
19
Q
low level
A
does not kills spores, TB, viruses, or fungi
20
Q
sanitation
A
reduces the numbers of microorganisms on inanimate objects and in the environment to a safe level as judged by public health standards
21
Q
decontamination
A
presence of disease producing microorganism
22
Q
degermination
A
removal of transient MOS of the skin by mechanical or chemical means
23
Q
antimicrobial agent
A
anything that kills or interferes with MOS (antibiotics, disinfectants, UV, intense heat)
24
Q
critical instruments or devices
A
risk of acquiring infection if the item is contaminated is high
ex. needles, scaples, transfer forceps, cardiac catheters, implants
25
semi critical instruments
do not penetrate body cavities
| urinary catheters, optic endoscopes
26
non-critical instruments and devices
face masks, electrodes, x-ray machine
27
soil
interfering matter ex. feces, blood, saliva, perspiration, urine
28
thermal death point
the lowest temperature which all mos are killed in 10minutes
29
time of exposure
in heat treatments longer exposure will compensate for longer exposure time
30
concentration of disinfectant
more concentrate = shorter killing time
| less concentrate= may be bacteriostatic
31
microbial resistant
spores, TB, vegetative fungi, very resistant
32
pasteurization
physical method of disinfection destroys vegetative forms while preserving palatability of liquid
33
ultra pasteurization
134 C in less than 1 second
34
ultra sterilization
140 C for second- affects the taste
35
refrigeration
decreases microbial metabolism growth and reproduction
36
dessication
inhibits microbial growth because metabolism requires water
37
lypholization
combines freezing and drying for a few minutes
38
filtration
used for materials that cant be autoclaved
| uses a millipore filter
39
non ionizing radiation
UV/infrared does not penetrate solidds, only disinfects surfaces
40
ionizing radiation
X-rays/ Gamma rays
| changes the structure or chemistry of mos
41
Halogens
Fluorine, Bromine, Chlorine, Iodine
42
chlorine
liquid or gaseous
oxidation of enzymes
water treatment and disinfects inanimate objects
(Bleach)
43
Iodine
alternative to pure chlorine in treating water, cleaning wounds, and skin, long lasting
44
tincture of iodine
one of the oldest and most effective, low to intermediate level of disinfectant
more reactive than chlorine
used for wounds, and plastic instruments
inactivated by soil
45
Iodophors
betadine or providone
complexes of iodine or detergent soap
long lasting, non-staining, and non-irritating
used for wound treatment, skin, water, and inanimate objects
46
phenol
action: coagulates proteins, disrupts cell membranes
used: skin, surgical germicide
not used, high cost, odor, has effects on skin
47
phenolic derivates- cresols
greater germicidal activity and low toxicity
produced from coal tars
can be mixed with soap
used for environmental surfaces, non critical instruments
48
hexachlorophene
used commercially. clinically, and at home
used in the 50s and 60s in toothpaste, deodorant, and bath soap
PHisophex- neurotoxic to infants
bacteriostatic, used to control staph and strep
49
Biguanides
similar in structure to hexachlorophene but not phenol
controls microorganisms on skin and mucous membranes especially MRSA
combined with a detergent or alcohol used as a surgical scrub or wash
Chlorhexidine, Hibiclens, Hibitane
50
trislocan
added to soaps/ cosmectics/ broad spectrum
51
heavy metals
high atomic weight, contains either an inorganic or organic compounds found in form of liquids, tinctures, ointments, or soaps
may be toxic or cause allergies
52
Mercury
skin disinfectants, antiseptics, preservatives, very weak antiseptic, used in cosmetics and eye drops
53
copper
active agains chlorophill containing organisms, used in swimming pools, aquaria, 1pt/million of water, prevents mild dew in paints
54
metallic silver
incorporated into catheters, prevents UTIS, venous stasis graft, IVs, surgical site, cavity and tunneling wounds.
55
colloidal silver
mild germicidal agent in ointments or rinses for the mouth, nose, eyes and vagina
56
zinc
```
calamine lotion (zinc oxide + ferric oxide)
mouthwash (zinc chloride)
antifungal in paints (zinc oxide)
```
57
organic solvents
bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal but not sporocidal
58
alcohols
uses: skin, instruments, 70% most effective concentration for antimicrobial
effective for tb
ethyl and isopropyl alcohol are the only ones appropriate for microbial control
59
alcohol is also used to enhance what chemical products?
Zephiran
60
Aldehydes
actions: reacts with amino and hydroxyl groups in nucleic acids and proteins
uses: cool sterilizing for instruments
unstable/ toxic dilute 1-2%
61
formaldehyde
used as a preservative
gas form and suspended in water
penetration is poor
used in shampoo and adhesives to sterilize and to disinfect imported fabrics
62
ethylene oxide
gaseous steralint , sterilizes plastics, catheters, sutures, electronic equipment, mattresses, pillows, heart/lung machines, artificial heart valves, dried or powdered foods
must be mixed wiht CO2 or N2
explodes when mixed with air
highly penetrating and slow acting
63
proplyene oxide
gaseous stimulant
| sterilzation of nuts, powders, starches, and spices
64
beta propiolactone
similar to ETO. rapid microbial
| sterilizes bones and artificial grafts
65
glutaraldehyde
form of formaldyhede
rapid and broad specrum sterilant
stays good in inorganic matter
used to clean machines
66
hydrogen peroxide
rinses wounds, scrapes, abrasions, and anaerobic infections
foams and H2O2 is broken into O and water by the catalases in tissues
used for soft contact lenses, utensils, heat sensitive plates, surgical implants
67
ozone
highly reactive form of o2
disinfection of air and water, used in industrial ACs and cooling towers
supplements chlorine and disinfection of water
neutralizes tastes and odors
68
peracetic acids
most effective liquid chemical sporocidal agents
leaves no toxic residue
minimally affected by presence of organic matter
effective for endospores and viruses for 30 minutes
kills vegitative bacteria and fungi in 5 minutes
used to sterilize rooms and space shuttles
69
soap
fatty acid combined with potassium or sodium hydrochloride
PH= 8
not antimicrobial
mechanical washing of skin surface
wetting agents, emulsifies and solubilizes particles clinging to surface
70
detergent
synthetic chemicals developed for their ability to be strong wetting agents and surface tension reducers
induces leakage from cell membrane
71
quaternary ammonuim compounds (quats)
not sporocidal
used to disinfect floors, walls and furniture
fungicidal, amoebocidal, virucidal
72
qualities of an ideal disinfectant
destroys all forms of mos in a practical period of time
nonirritating to tissues; nonallergenic, non toxic
soil does not interfere with its action
leaves no residue
would make effective contact
chemically stable
effective range not easily bypassed by diluting
no disagreeable odor, no stains, inexpensive
73
phenol coefficients
the standards of effectiveness (phenol)
if higher than 1 more effective than phenol
if lower than 1 less effective than phenol
74
dilution
cylinders dipped into bacteria dry at 37 C and immersed in disinfectant for 10 minutes then incubated for 48 hours
75
antibiotic syngerism
combination of 2 antibiotics that have enhanced bactericidal activity when properly tested together
76
antibiotic antagonism
one antibiotic interferes with the killing action of another antibiotic
77
beta lactamase
an enzyme that breaks down the beta lactamase ring in penicillins.
hydrolysis of the ring protects bacteria from the antimicrobial action of the antibiotic
78
prophylaxsis
use of antibiotic for a "just in case" situation
79
superinfection
destruction of benefical MOs that allows resistant MOs to over grow
80
5 mechanisms of action for antibiotics
```
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
alteration of cell membrane
inhibition of protein synthesis
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
inhibit general metabolic pathways;block pathogens recognition of attachment to host (folate metabolism)
```
81
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
blocks synthesis of intact peptidoglycan by preventing cross linkages
cell walls are less resistant to osmotic pressure
attacks only growing bacterial cells
doesnt attack human cells because they have no peptidoglycan
82
Drug classes of drugs that block cell wall synthesis
```
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
monobactams
combination drugs
vancomycin
bacitran
ethamnbutol
TB drugs
```
83
penicillin G
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
| occurs naturally, acid sensitive, narrow spectrum
84
semisynthetic penicillin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis narrow spectrum, good absorption
85
amoxicillin, ampicillin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis broad spectrum
86
nafcillin, methcillin, oxacillin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
| treat penicillinase producing MOs
87
cephalosporins
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis same action as penicillin but wider spectrum
divided into generations based on their spectrum of acitivity
normally giving IM or IV
88
1st generation cephalosporin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis similar in action to ampicillin
89
2nd generation cephalosporin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis less active against G+ more active against G-
90
3rd generation cephalosporin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis less active against gram + more active agains gram -
91
4th generation cephalosporin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis enhanced toxicity, extended spectrum
92
carbapenems
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
| broad spectrum
93
monobactams
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
synthetic replacement for those allergic to penicillin
crosses placenta and may lead to pseudomonous colitis
94
combination drugs
beta lactase inhibitor+ amoxicillin
| augmentum= amoxicillin+clavulanic acid
95
vancomycin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
gram +
poor absorption
not the best but it is effective against MRSA and c-diff
96
avapracin
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
| used agriculturally, as a growth promoter
97
bacitran
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
prevents cross links from forming in the cell wall
topically for skin ointment, caused by gram +
98
Tuberculosis drugs
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Isoniazid and ethambutol
block mycolic acid and peptidogylcan production
99
Isonizaid
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
penetrates macrophages or walled off areas in the lungs
used in combination with rifampin or ethambutol
100
ethambutol
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
| Always used in combination and used to treat TB
101
Inhibition of protein synthesis
as a group, these antibiotics bind to the ribosomal subunits
102
drugs that inhibit protein synthesis
```
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
chloramphenicol
macrolides
erythroomycins
azithromycins
clindamycin
```
103
aminoglycosides
Inhibition of protein synthesis
amino acids bonded to carbs
bactericail and most toxic
not absorbed orally
104
aminoglycosides can
accumilate in the body which can lead to future issues
105
streptomycin
dizziness, long term use may lead to damage of the 8th cranial nerve
106
gentamycin
less toxic
107
tobramycin
used for psuedomonas
108
tetracyclines
absorbed easily, take 30 min before eating, avoid antacids because they can b=hinder absorption
109
what happens when pregnant women take tetracyclines
yellows discoloration of children under 8
| not used in pregnant women bc baby can be born with a full set of teeth
110
tetracyclines treat
acne, rosacea, anthrax, lyme disease
111
semisynthetic tetraycline have a longer
retention in the body
112
chloramphenicol
disrupts protein synthesis in bone marrow cells, first broad spectrum antibiotic developed, accumulates in the CSF, and crosses the blood brain barrier
can accumulate in infants system and cause toxicity (in CVS= grays syndrome)
also may cause aplastic anemia
113
erythromycin
bacteriostatic
cant penetrate G-B wall
used for patients who are allergic to penicillin
114
azithromycin
Also known as Zpack
| used for STIs only 1 or 2 pills
115
Clindamycin
used to treat anaerobic infections caused by trauma, surgery or accidents, may cause psuedomonas colitis (C-diff)
116
Alterations of cell membranes
changes cell membrane permibility
117
drugs that change the cell membrane
```
Polymyxins
B and E (E is used for UTIs)
nephrotoxic
topical ointment
used to treat gram -
```
118
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
binds to RNA polymerase (rifampin) or inhibits DNA gyrase (quinolones)
119
rifampin
used in combination to treat M. TB
used for carriers of N menigitidis
structurally related to macrolides
reaches therapeutic levels in CSF and abcesses
color changes in urine, feces, saliva, sweat or tears
may be hepatotoxic
comes out a rusty color (tears sweat and urine)
120
why would it be necessary for an antibiotic to cross the blood brain barrier?
to treat leisons/meningitis etc...
121
rifampin can turn what rusty?
urine/sweat/tears and amniotic fluid
122
fluoroquinolones
inhibition of protein synthesis
end in cin
synthetic, similar to nalidixic acid
broad spectrum, oral, pentrates tissues well
may cause arthropathy in children, adolescents and PG women
absorption is blocked by antacids
used for patients on chemo, post surgical infections, UTIs and TB
used by chicken farmers, enrofloxacin
123
inhibition of metabolic pathways
prevents synthesis of folic acid
| some hypersensitivities
124
drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways
sulfa drugs
used to control infection in burn patients
can christalize in the kidneys, have the patient drink tons of water when they take it
125
antifungal agents
```
amphotericin B
Nystatin
grisofulvin
synthetic azoles
tolnafate
echinocandins
pentamidine
```
