Test One Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Structure
2
Q
Physiology
A
Body function
3
Q
Surface anatomy
A
Exterior features
4
Q
Regional anatomy
A
Body areas
5
Q
Systematic anatomy
A
Groups of organs working together
6
Q
Developmental anatomy
A
From conception to death
7
Q
Clinical anatomy
A
Medical specialties
8
Q
Microscopic anatomy
A
Study of microscopic entities: cells and molecules
9
Q
Cytology
A
Study of cells and their structure
10
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissues and their structures
11
Q
Pathology
A
Study of diseased tissue
12
Q
Cell physiology
A
Processes within and between cells
13
Q
Special physiology
A
Functions of specific organs
14
Q
Systematic physiology
A
Functions of an organ system
15
Q
Pathological physiology
A
Effects of diseases
16
Q
Organization of living things in terms of order. Which way would be disorder and what do we call each
A
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organisms
Down is order (energy) and up is disorder (entropy)
17
Q
What are the 11 organ systems
A
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphoid Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
18
Q
Parts of the integumentary system and main function
A
Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands protects the body, regulates temperature, eliminates some waste, aides in vitamin d production
19
Q
Parts of the skeletal system and its main function
A
Bones, joints, and cartilage. supports and protects body, houses cells that produce blood cells stores minerals and fats and aides in body movement
20
Q
Parts of the muscular system and its main function
A
Attach to bones to aid in movement maintain posture and produce heat.
21
Q
Parts of the nervous system and its main function
A
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. Make nerve impulses and action potentials to regulate body movements and causes muscle contractions
22
Q
Parts of the endocrine system and its main function
A
Hormone producing cells and glands. Regulates body cavities through hormone release
23
Q
Parts of the lymphatic system and its main function
A
Lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils as well as b and t cells. Returns proteins and fluids to blood, protects against disease carrying microbes.
24
Q
Parts of the cardiovascular system and its function
A
Blood, heart, blood vessels. Pumps blood throughout the body and waste like CO2 and others away, regulates acid-base balance, temperature and H2O content in blood.
25
Parts of the respiratory system and its function
Lungs, trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchial tubes. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to the blood and CO2 out of the body, helps regulate acid-base balance of bodily fluids
26
Parts of the digestive system and its function
GI tract organs, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Chemically and physically breaks down food absorbing nutrients and eliminating solid waste.
27
Parts of the urinary system and its function
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Produces, stores and eliminates wastes and regulates volume and composition of the blood, regulate production of red blood cells and helps maintain acid-base balance in body.
28
Parts of the reproductive system and its function
Gonads, and their associated organs. Produce the reproduction elements like egg and sperm, release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes.
29
What are the six major life processes?
1) metabolism
2) responsiveness
3) movement
4) growth
5) differentiation
6) reproduction
30
What are the two types of metabolism?
Catabolism-breaking down substances chemically
| Anabolism- building substances from smaller ones
31
What is responsiveness?
Ability to recognize and respond to changes.
32
What is movement?
Movement of the body all the way to the cellular level
33
What is growth?
Increase in body size resulting from growth in size or number of existing cells.
34
What is differentiation?
Growing of a cell going from an unspecified to specified state. These cells are known as stem cells
35
What is reproduction?
The production of a new individual or new tissue for growth, repair, or replacement
36
What is homeostasis?
The process of staying in balance when the environment around is changing.
37
What is the normal blood glucose level in the blood?
70-110 mg/100 ml
38
What are body fluids?
Dilute watery fluids that contain dissolved chemicals found in and around cells.
39
What is intracellular fluid?
Fluid within cells
40
What is extracellular fluid?
Fluid outside cells
41
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid that fills space between cells
42
What are feedback systems?
A cycle of events that take place to commit or, evaluate, change and cycle again
43
Stimulus?
Any disruption to a controlled condition
44
What are the the three parts to a feedback system?
Receptor, control center, and effector
45
What is a receptor?
Structure that keeps check on changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
46
What is a control center?
Sets a point for a controlled condition, evaluates receptor input and generates output when needed.
47
What is a effector?
Receives output format he control center and produces a response
48
What is a response?
Effect changing the controlled condition
49
What do negative feedback systems do?
Reverse a change in a controlled condition
| Negate the original stimulus
50
What do positive feedback systems do?
Strengthen a change in a controlled condition
Control center sends a command to the effector which produces a response to reinforce the initial change in the controlled condition
To stop-system must be interrupted
51
Difference between positive and negative feedback systems?
Positive reinforce conditions that are not frequent while negative regulate common conditions
52
What is disorder?
An abnormality of a structure or function
53
What is a disease?
Illness characterized by a set of signs and symptoms
54
Epidemiology
Study of why, when and where diseases occur
55
Pharmacology
Science that deals with the effect and uses of drugs in diseases treatment
56
What is the difference between local and systemic disease?
Local is in one specific area and systemic is throughout the body
57
Anatomical position
Standard position with eyes facing forward, feet directed forward and arms by sides with palms facing forward.
58
Prone
When the body is lying face down
59
Supine
When the body is laying face up
60
Superior
Toward head or upper part of a structure
61
Inferior
Away from head or lower part of structure
62
Anterior
Near to the front
63
Posterior
Near to the back
64
Medial
Towards the midline
65
Lateral
Away from the midline
66
Intermediate
Between two structures
67
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
68
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
69
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a structure
70
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a structure
71
Superficial
Toward or on the surface
72
Deep
Away from the surface
73
Saggital
Vertical plane dividing the left and right
74
Midsaggital or median
Saggital with equal parts
75
Midline
Imaginary vertical line through the center of the body
76
Parasaggital
Saggital with unequal parts
77
Frontal or coronal
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
78
Transverse
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections
79
Cross-sectional or horizontal
Other names for transverse
80
Oblique
Passes through the body at a 90 degree angle
81
Cranial cavity
Formed by the cranial bones contains the brain
82
Vertebral cavity
Formed by the vertebral column contains the spiral cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
83
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity contains the pleural, pericardial, and mediastinum
84
Pleural
Space between the layers of pleura and surrounds the lung
85
Pericardial
Space between the layers of pericardium surrounding the heart
86
Mediastinum
Central part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs, containing the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels
87
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal and pelvic cavity
88
Abdominal cavity
Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine
89
Pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder, part of the large intestine and the internal organs of the reproductive systme
90
Meninges
Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord called the dura mater, achronoid mater, and pia mater
91
Diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities
92
Viscera
Organs inside the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities
93
Membrane
Thin, pliable tissue that covers or connects tissues
94
Serous membrane
Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities and lines the thorax and abdomen
95
Parietal layer
(Serous) Thin epithelium lining the walls of the cavities
96
Visceral layer
Thin epithelium overs and adheres to viscera in cavities
97
Pleura
Serous membrane of the pleural cavities
98
Pericardium
Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
99
Peritoneum
Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
100
What are the regions of the abdominal-pelvic cavity
1) right hypochondriac
2) epigastric
3) left hypochondriac
4) right lumbar
5) umbilical
6) left lumbar
7) right inguinal
8) hypogastric
9) left inguinal
101
What are the quadrants of the abdominal-pelvic cavity?
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
102
Radiography
X-ray images pass through the body. Doesn't pass through dense structures
103
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Body is exposed to high energy magnetic field causing protons to arrange. Used to detect tumors, and brain abnormalities
104
Computed tomography (CT)
Produces multiple transverse sections of the body to visualize soft tissue and organs
105
Ultrasound scanning
High frequency sounds waves bounce off tissue producing an image sonogram doppler is used to view blood flow through vessels
106
Coronary computed tomography angiography
Iodine containing medium injected into a vein then beta blocker is given to reduce heart rate. 3-D diagram is made of the coronary flood vessels to detect heart blockages
107
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emitting substance is used to produce gamma rays by colliding with electrons. Used to study metabolism in the body
108
Endoscopy
Camera is used to exam organs of body cavities
109
Radionuclide scanning
A radionuclide is injected into the body and carried to the tissue to be examined. Used to search for malignant tumors
110
Single photon emission computed tomography scanning (SPECT)
Specialized radionuclide scanning used to study heart, lungs, liver and brain
