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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Chemistry

A

Science of the structure and interactions of matter

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2
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in an object

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4
Q

Weight

A

Force of gravity acting on an object

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5
Q

What are the major elements?

A

The four elements that make up 96% of the body’s mass (HONC)

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6
Q

Lesser elements

A

Eight elements that make up 3.6% of the body’s mass (Ca,P,K,S,Cl,Mg,I)

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7
Q

Trace elements

A

Make up about .4% of the body’s mass

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8
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Unstable because their nuclei often decay and transform into a different element

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9
Q

Free radical

A

Atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in their outer shell

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10
Q

Electrolyte

A

Ionic compound that breaks into a cation and anion in solution

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11
Q

What is the difference between a polar covalent and non-polar covalent bond?

A

Polar- one nucleus has a stronger attraction than the other giving a partial negative charge closer to the stronger one
Non-polar- sharing of the electrons equally

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12
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Release more energy than they absorb

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13
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorb more energy than they release

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14
Q

Activation energy

A

Collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds

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15
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical compounds used to speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy (ENZYMES!)

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Decomposition reactions in digestion break down large molecules into smaller ones with the help of water (breaking water)

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17
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction

A

Two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule

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18
Q

Heat capacity

A

Ability of a substance to take on heat and not change its own temperature (water has a high heat capacity)

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19
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Amount of heat required to change from liquid to gas (high for water)

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20
Q

Colloid

A

Physical mixture with solute particles big enough to scatter light

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21
Q

Avogadro number

A

6.023 x10^23 A MOLE OF ANYTHING HAS THIS MANY PARTICLES

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22
Q

Acid

A

Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (proton donor)

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23
Q

Base

A

Removes H+ from a solution (proton acceptor) dissociates into OH- and some cations

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24
Q

Salt

A

When dissolved in water gives cations and anions that are not H+ or OH-

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25
What does an acid and base together form?
A salt
26
Acidosis
pH below 7.35
27
Alkalosis
pH above 7.45
28
Buffer systems
Convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
29
Buffer
Chemical compound that makes up buffer systems by removing or adding protons
30
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Carbonic acid can act as a weak acid and bicarbonate ion can act as a weak base. Very important in our body
31
What kind of reaction joins monomers to make polymers?
Dehydration synthesis
32
Where do we find methyl groups?
(CH3) in waxes, fats and oils non-polar
33
Where do we find hydroxyl groups?
(OH-) polar-negative! Sugars
34
Where do we find carbonyl groups?
(COOH) Sugars, fats, amino acids polar-negative and acidic
35
Where do we find amines or amino groups?
(NH3) Polar-basic amino acid and proteins
36
Where do we find phosphate groups?
(PO3) DNA, energy carriers ATP polar-negative
37
Where do we find aldehyde groups?
(HC=O) in sugars
38
Where do we find ketones?
(2RC=O) in sugars
39
What are the four organic molecules?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
40
What is the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ratio for carbohydrates?
CH2O (1:2:1)
41
What is the function of Carbs?
Short term energy storage and some structure. Most important metabolic fuel in the body
42
What are the three classes of Carbs?
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
43
Saccharide
SUGAR!
44
Oligo
Few, three or four or five
45
Ending in 'ose
SUGAR!!
46
Common monosaccharides and properties
Glucose, fructose, galactose, manose | Soluble in water and taste sweet
47
Common disaccharides (oligo) and properties
Sucrose (glucose and fructose) Lactose Maltose Glycoproteins-Sometimes used as ID markers for the body to identify what cells are yours and should be in your body
48
Common Polysaccharides and properties
Starches-insoluble (so don't go into flood well) not sweet Cellulose-most abundant organic molecule on earth Glycogen- animal starch (branched) Chitin-exoskeleton of anthropods (very branched with nitrogen) Amylose- plant starch (spiral) Too big to enter the cell without being lysed
49
Can you digest cellulose?
No, we do not have the enzyme to do so however cows, horses and zebras do.
50
Potassium iodide test
Positive test indicates a starch by turning from gold to jet black
51
What makes fungi hard to kill
It contains chitin which is a very branched molecule containing nitrogen making it resistant to digestion
52
Levo and dextro
Levo-left | Dextro-right
53
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in lipids
Much greater than 2:1
54
What are properties of lipids?
Slippery, non-polar insoluble in water, hydrophobic
55
Function of lipids?
Main energy storage
56
What are simple lipids?
Triglycerides Fats Oils Waxes
57
What are complex lipids?
``` Carotenoids Sterols Vitamins A,D,E,K Phospholipid Eicosanoids ```
58
Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins and leucotrienes; chemical messengers that coordinate local cellular activities; produced by most body tissues in response to a specific stimuli (when you have a blister a signal "eicosanoid" is sent to the area to fill with fluid)
59
What does a triglyceride molecule look like
The letter E with the back bone being a glycerol and the horizontal line being fatty acids
60
Properties of fats
Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached (fatty acids) hydrophilic because one end has a carboxyl group
61
How are glycerides made?
They cant be stuck together like saccharides but can be attached to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis making the E. each synthesis produces a water so a synthesis of triglyceride means three waters
62
What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?
Saturated means it has the most hydrogens it can (no double bonded carbons) Unsaturated means that there is one (mono) or more (poly) double bonded carbons causing a kink in the chain
63
What is the difference between a fat and an oil?
A fat is saturated and solid at room temperature because there are no kinks in the chain so carbon chains can pack together tightly and an oil is unsaturated and has kinks in the carbon chain so the chains cannot pack closely making it a liquid at room temperature
64
How are triglycerides stored?
As adipose under the skin
65
What are the essential fatty acids for the body and how can we get them?
Omega 3's! From fish, flax seed and walnuts
66
What do omega 3's do for you?
Lower LDL (bad cholesterol) and raise HDL (good cholesterol) the ratio between the two is what is examined. Also decreases bone loss by increasing Ca+ utilization
67
What are waxes?
Long chain fatty acids linked to alcohols ( the more the carbons the thicker the wax) highly non-polar
68
What are functions of waxes?
Cuticle-protects plants by conserving water Fends off parasites and repels water in the ears Protects animals through lubrication and pliability in hair and skin
69
Phospholipid
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 polar group Soapy properties Di-polar (head is polar, chain is non-polar) found in cell membrane
70
What is the cell membrane structure?
Bi-lipid layer with tails pointing inward. When brought together it forms a circle which is what gives the cell a circular shape
71
What is the most important pump in the body?
Sodium-Potassium pump- active pump so it uses a lot of energy
72
What keeps the cell membrane pliable so that things can pass through?
Cholesterol
73
Glycolipid
Attaches to the phospholipid
74
Steroids
Class of lipid that has carbon rings attached together with different functional groups and no fatty acid chain (sterols!)
75
Sterols
No FA chain, four carbon ring, eukaryotic cell membranes cholesterol is made in the liver and used to make steroids, bile salts, vitamin d and sex hormones
76
What do bile salts do?
Help to emulsify cholesterol and all fats and are found in the gallbladder
77
Are vitamins synthesized in the body?
No, they are not made by the body, they must come from our diets
78
Difference in a phospholipid and a cholesterol
Phospholipid is a pretty straight chain for the most part while a cholesterol is many cyclo-carbons with a carbon chain attached to the end
79
Hydrogenation
Trans fat= adding hydrogen to vegetable oil. Very unhealthy!!
80
Do omega 3's help with in the body? (Five things)
1) decrease bone loss 2) reduce the risk of heart disease 3) reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases 4) promote wound healing 5) decrease skin disorders

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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