Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Molec Biology > Test One Chapter Three > Flashcards

Test One Chapter Three Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is van der waals bond

A

depends on distance between interacting atoms, need multiple atoms in the two molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

if atom loses electron it becomes

A

electropositive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ionic bonds form

A

salt bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

if reaction is not spontaneous what is the sign of delta G

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

H is usually what in the hydrogen bond

A

donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

on the scale what determines covalent

A

zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is ATP a good way to store and transfer energy in the cell

A

even though it takes energy to break ATP, hydration of the breakdown products of ATP more than makes up for the input of energy necessary to break the bond, resulting in an overall energetically favorable process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does RNA differ from DNA

A

ribonucleotides, OH on 2 carbon, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which has more different types of cellular functions proteins or nucleic acids

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a nucleic acid built from

A

nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar (pentose), phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the equilibrium constant

A

Keq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a feature of enzymes

A

very specific to substrate and their activity is regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the van der waals radius

A

attractive and repulsive forces are equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

one atom donates an electron to another atom, between metal and non metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

base, pentose, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does it mean that ATP is hydrolyzed

A

water breaks down ATP to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which nucleotides are pyrimidines

A

C, T and U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some modifications of amino acids

A

methylation, phosphorylation (PO3-), acetylation (COCH3), glycosylation, hydroxylation (OH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nucleic acids are synthesized using which enantiomer of the sugar

A

D form, think of D ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

non polar has what type of charges

A

balanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which nucleotides are purines

A

A and G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a transition state intermediate

A

it is the intermediate before the new molecule is formed which involves the reactants coming together and bonds are breaking and forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does the transition state intermediate relate to the free energy level of the reactants and the products

A

going from reactants to products occurs spontaneously and is now favorable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is electronegativity

A

propensity of an atom within a molecule to attract electrons to itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how does the enzyme affect the delta G of a reaction
delta G is not affected by the enzyme
26
what is an enantiomer
stereoisomers that are mirror images
27
what is a nucleoside
base and pentose
28
what is polar covalent
electrons shared between atoms but favor one pole of the two atoms
29
what does - delta G tell us about the reaction
not spontaneous and requires energy
30
what is an energy carrier in the cell
stored in chemical bonds, energy rich covalent bonds,
31
how many H bonds in G-C
three
32
what is hydrogen bonding
intermolecular force between two partial electrical charges of opposite polarity
33
what is an example of van der waals
antibodies, macromolecules contain surface that precisely fits the shape of molecule it binds to
34
proteins are synthesized using which enantiomer of amino acids
L form
35
the second law of thermodynamics determines what
the direction a reaction will move
36
what happens to the water in the hydrophobic bond
H2O attracted to each other causing unfavorable organization of H2O molecules
37
why is stereochemistry important in molecular interactions
helps determine structure and determines how that particular molecule will interact with other molecules
38
structure determines
function
39
how does an enzyme affect the energy of activation
lowers the activation of energy
40
what is a chiral carbon
optically active, not imposable on mirror image, connected to four different atoms
41
in hydrogen bonding, H bonds to
O, N , or F
42
what are some modifications to RNA
loss of amino group, methylation to bases, methylation to pentose
43
how does an enzyme work with reaction coupling
an enzyme can couple exergonic reactions with endergonic reactions to result in a coupled reaction that is exergonic overall
44
what is the first law of thermodynamics
energy can never be created or destroyed, can either transfer or form to heat
45
what determines strength in ionic bonds
salt concentration and hydrophobicity of environment
46
on periodic table, where is electronegativity
going from left to right, down to up
47
what happens to entropy in the hydrophobic bond
entropy decreases when water can form around the two separate non polar structures but when the aggregate towards each other the entropy increases for water
48
what influences the rate of a reaction
enzyme stabilizes transition state, lower activation energy, substrates bind to enzymes in an orientation that favors the reaction, chemical groups in enzyme bind to metal ions or proteins that participate in reaction, relative concentration of both the products and reactants
49
if the atomic radius decreases what happens to electronegativity
increases
50
what is stereochemistry
spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule
51
polar molecules have what type of charges
unbalanced
52
what makes RNA different than DNA
uracil, less stable, shorter, OH on C'2
53
on the scale what determines ionic
> 1.67
54
what is a stereoisomer
2 molecules that have the same chemical and structural formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space
55
are most reactions spontaneous
no
56
Uracil replaces what in RNA
thymine
57
if the Keq >1 then what about delta G
delta G is large and negative and the reaction goes to completion
58
what is a chemical reaction
breakage of covalent bonds and the formation of new bonds, this creates reactants and products
59
what is Gibbs free energy
energy that is available to do work
60
how does the enzyme affect the overall stability of the coupled reaction
the enzyme makes the reaction exergonic and spontaneous, energy level of the product is lower than the reactant allowing the reaction to proceed forward
61
how many h bonds in A-T
two
62
what do the RNA modifications do
affect ability of RNA molecules to fold into a 3D shape and to interact with proteins
63
what are some modifications to DNA
methylation
64
what is a hydrophobic bond
strong tendency of H2O to exclude nonpolar groups, forcing nonpolar groups to aggregate to each other
65
whats the strongest bond
covalent
66
what happens during methylation of DNA
added to C, A, G and needed for DNA replication and protection from degredation
67
if the Keq<1 then what about delta G
delta G is large and positive
68
what is reaction coupling
an energetically favorable reaction is directly linked to an energetically unfavorable reaction
69
what is equilibrium
when the reaction can move forward or reverse
70
the strands of DNA are what and what direction
anti parallel, 5' to 3'
71
what is pi stacking
non covalent, overlap between the electrons in neighboring rings
72
where do you see hydrogen bonding
proteins, DNA, alpha helices, beta sheets
73
what is entropy
the extent of randomness or disorder in a system
74
function of stereochemistry
determine structure, how interacts with other molecules
75
what other types of bonds stabilize DNA double helix
hydrogen bond, pi stacking (non covalent), van der waals
76
what is the second law of thermodynamics
all spontaneous processes take place with an increase in disorder of the system, entropy
77
if atom gains electron it becomes
electronegative
78
what are considered weak bonds
van der waals, hydrophobic, hydrogen
79
why do you usually go from reactants to products
the energy difference between the products and transition state is greater than the reactants and transition state, this creates more products than reactants
80
how does gibbs free energy reflect favorability or spontaneity of a reaction
free energy always decreases in spontaneous reactions that occur with a change in temperature or pressure, -G
81
what type of bonds are required for nucleic acids to form
phosphodiester bond, O bonds with 5' CH2 and 3' carbon bind to O
82
what is the advantage of weak bonds
greater distance between molecules and more easily broken
83
what is the valence bond model
chemical bond forms when there is suitable overlap between electron clouds, aka molecular orbital model
84
what is the energy of activation
the difference in free energy between the ground state of a reacting substance and the transition state
85
whats in a polypeptide
amino group, alpha carbon with r chain, carboxyl group
86
what does + delta G tell us about the reaction
reaction goes to completion
87
on the scale what determines polar covalent
0 to < 1.67
88
what is a covalent bond
2 atoms share a pair of electrons between nuclei, outer electron shells filled
89
what do the modifications do to amino acids
control production of proteins from specific genes, distinguish self from non self
90
which amino acids does not have an enantiomer and why
glycine because has two hydrogens as side chains from alpha carbons
91
what is different in the RNA pentose than DNA
OH on C'2
92
what are examples of energy carrier in the cell
ATP, NADH, NADPH, coenzymes, and enzymes

Molec Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions