test over Islam Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Muhammed’s journey from Mecca to Medina in 622
A
Hijra
2
Q
the holy book of Islam
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Quran
3
Q
Muslim house of worship
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Mosque
4
Q
one of the 5 pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime
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Hajj
5
Q
The body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life.
A
Sharia
6
Q
a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammed preached
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Medina
7
Q
final destination of Muhammed’s hijra and the home of the first community of Muslims; later remained Medina; located in the northwest of present-day Saudia Arabia
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Yathrib
8
Q
the most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca
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Kaaba
9
Q
City in western Saudi Arabia; birthplace of Muhammed, viewed by Muslims as the prophet of Islam, and the most holy city for Islamic people
A
Mecca
10
Q
a desert-dwelling Arab nomad
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Bedouin
11
Q
introduced the religion of Islam in southwestern Asia. According to Muslim belief, Muhammed heard the voice of Angel Gabriel instructing him to serve as a messenger for God. Muhammed spent the rest of his life spreading Islam. Muslims today honor Muhammed as God’s final prophet.
A
Muhammed
12
Q
successor to Muhammed as political and religious leader of the Muslims
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caliph
13
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Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled from 661 to 750
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Umayyad
14
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dynasty that ruled Bahgdad from 750 to 1258
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Abbasid
15
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capital city of present-day Iraq; capital of the Muslim empire during Islam’s golden age
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Baghdad
16
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slender tower of a mosque, from which Muslims are called to pray
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Minaret
17
Q
Muslim ruler
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Sultan
18
Q
a member of one of the largest Muslim sects; believe that inspiration came from the example of Muhammed as recorded by his early followers
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Sunni
19
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a member of one of the 2 major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammed’s daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders
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Shiite
20
Q
Muslim mystic who seeks communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
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Sufi
21
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Muhammed’s father-in-law and the first Muslim caliph, or leader, following Muhammed’s death. An early convert to Islam, he advised Muhammed and traveled on the hijra with the prophet. He helped unite the Muslim people through his role as successor to Muhammed. Under his rule, the Muslim empire expanded.
A
Abu Bakr
22
Q
the ability to move in social class
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Social mobility
23
Q
the art of producing beautiful handwriting
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Calligraphy
24
Q
a Muslim poet most famous for the Shah Namah, or Book of Kings, which he wrote in Persian using Arabic script. He wrote at a time when Persia or Iran was fairly free from the control of the Muslim empire and local leaders encouraged a flowering of Persian culture. The famous poet centered his writing on the stories of royalty and heroes; many of the themes he introduced are still relevant today.
A
Firdwasi
25
also known as Averroes, was a philosopher, and scientist who lived in Cordoba and influenced European thought. As a philosopher, he placed a variety of subject matter under the scrutiny of reason and analysis and argued that humans were partially but not completely controlled by fate. In the field of science, Ibn Rushd contributed to the study of disease.
Ibn Rushd
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was an Arab thinker who helped establish the principles of many branches of knowledge including history and economics. He is perhaps best known for the development of standards for studying and writing about history, which he explained in his landmark book, the Muqaddimah. He also introduced or refined many economic concepts relating to labor, profits, supply and demand, use of resources, production, and supply and demand.
Ibn Khaldun
27
a Muslim mathematician who developed groundbreaking concepts related to the study of algebra and introduced the term algebra, al-jabr. Through his writings, he introduced Europeans to the study of this branch of mathematics. Working in the fields of geography as well, al-Khwarizmi also supervised the production of one of the earliest maps of the world.
al-Khwarizmi
28
was a renowned Muslim physician who pioneered the study of many diseases. In addition to a well-received book on measles and smallpox, he also wrote texts about the history of medicine and ways to advance in the field. Al-Razi held the position of chief physician, first in the city of Rayy and then in Baghdad. Also, a philosopher, al-Razi analyzed the works of Plato while presenting his ideas.
Muhammad al-Razi
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also known as Avicenna was a Persian physician who wrote the Canon on Medicine, which focused on past medical practices throughout the known world as well as his procedures. This work features descriptions of anatomy, symptoms of diseases, and medicines and cures. Ibn wrote a variety of other topics as well, including philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy
Ibn Sina
30
a member of a Turkish speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into northwestern Asia Minor
Ottoman
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Capital of the Ottoman Empire, formerly known as Constantinople, when it was the center of the eastern Roman Empire and also capital of the Byzantine empire
Istanbul
32
a member of the elite forces of the Ottoman army
Janizary
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king
shah
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capital of Safavid empire during the 1600s; located in present-day Iran
Isfahan
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a member of the dynasty that ruled present-day Iran from the late 1700s until 1925
Qatar
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capital of the Qajar dynasty and present-day Iran
Tehran
37
was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire who ruled from 1520 to 1566. During this time he brought bureaucracy and stability to the empire and advanced the arts, law, and architecture. His military campaigns greatly expanded the scope of the empire
Suleiman
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was the shah of the Safavid dynasty from 1588 until his death in 1629. He drove Ottoman and Uzbek troops from Persia and sponsored a golden age of Persian arts and achievements
Shah Abbas the Great
39
park like landscape of grasslands with scattered trees that can survive dry spells, found in tropical areas with dry seasons
Savanna
40
largest desert in the world, covering almost all of North Africa
Sahara
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waterfall
Cataract
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process by which fertile or semi-desert land becomes desert
Desertification
43
root language of West Africa on which some early African migration patterns are based
Bantu
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ancient kingdom of northeastern Africa, also called Kush
Nubia
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capital of the ancient kingdom of Nubia
Meroë
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was born around AD 145 in what is today Tripoli. Before his death in 211, he was the emperor who converted the Roman government into military monarchy. His reign set the stage for other Roman rulers
Septimius Severus
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was king of Kush from around 750 to 719 BC, he was known for his military prowess through North Africa. A very conservative ruler. He sought to strengthen some of Egypt’s declining institutions
Piankhi
48
an amount that is more than needed; excess
Surplus
49
valuable product
Commodity
50
early West African trading kingdom located in parts of present-day Mauritania and Mali
Ghana
51
medival West African trading empire located in present-day Mali
Mali
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medieval West African kingdom located in present-day Mali, Niger, and Nigeria
Songhai
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was a devoted Islamic ruler of Mali who came to the throne in 1312 and expanded Mali’s borders to the Atlantic Ocean. He was one of the richest men of his era. His famous journey to Mecca was lavish and awakened the world to the richest of Mali.
Mansu Musa
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was a West African ruler who was responsible for laying the groundwork for Mali to be a rich and powerful kingdom. He died in 1255.
Sundiata
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trading center and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia
Axum
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strategic trading port of the kingdom of Axum
Adulis
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Ancient Greek term for Axumite kingdom; present day country in East Africa
Ethiopia
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an East African culture that emerged about AD 1000; also a Bantu- based language, bending Arabic words and written in Arabic script
Swahili
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powerful East African medieval trading center and city-state located in south eastern present day Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe
60
a Portuguese prince and patron of explorers who helped his father capture the Moroccan city of Ceuta, became its governor, and sponsored voyages to the Madeira Islands and the West African coast. He raised money for expeditions and established a base for explorers in Sagres, later adding an arsenal, an observatory, and a school for studying geography. His support of cartography, advances in navigation, and exploration provided a foundation for Portugal’s rise to international dominance and acquisition of its colonial empire in the sixteenth century.
Prince Henry
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ruler of Ethiopia who came to power in the 1200s. He built eleven Christian churches carved from ground level into the solid rock of the mountains below
Lalibela
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family unit consisting of parents and children
Nuclear family
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kinship ties that are passed on through the father’s side of the family
Patrilineal
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kinship ties that are passed on through the mother’s side of the family
Matrilineal
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a group claiming a common ancestor
Lineage
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widespread agreement among all members of a group
Consensus
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professional storyteller in early West Africa
Griot
67
mulsim ruler
Sultan
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3rd largest city in India, capital of medival India
Dehli
68
in ancient India, the elected warrior chief of an Aryan tribe
rajah
69
monotheistic religion founded in the late 1400s by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region of India
Sikhism
70
Muslim dynasty that ruled much of present day India from 1526 to 1857
Mughal
71
a tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife
Taj Mahal
72
(1592-1666) was the third son of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. With support from court nobles, he won succesions to become emperor upon Jahangir’s death. An effective and tolerant ruler, Shah Jahan was also an enthusiastic builder, involving himself in every detail of the building process. When his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal died, he built the famous mausoluem called the Taj Mahal in her honor.
Shah Jahn
73
(1577-1645) was a Persian widow with a small child who became the powerful wife of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. Her administrative, political, economic, and cultural skills so impressed Jahangir that she had virtual control over the empire until his death in 1627. Since women where not allowed to interact face to face with men in court, Nur Jahan relied on trusted men to act for her.
Nur Jahan
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(1542-1605) is considered by most to be the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. He extended the empire over most of India, and maintained an efficient centralized government through policies that won the loyalty of non-Muslim subjects. His greatness was also built on his support for scholars, artists, and musicians, who made his court a center of culture
Akbar
75
(1483- 1530) was the founder of the Mughal Dynasty in India. He came from Turkish and Mongol heritages, a descendant of the greatest Mongol leader, Genghis Khan. His name is the Arabic word for “tiger”, but he was as accomplished a poet as he was a warrior. His wise rule helped launch a powerful Muslim dynasty that had a permanent influence on northern India.
Babur
76
How did the hijira influence the development of Islam?
During the hijira, Muhammad created rules that governed and united Muslims.
77
Sharia is a body of law that
was developed by Muslim scholars over time and includes interpretation of the Quran.
77
The Five Pillars of Islam are basic duties that require Muslims to
make a declaration of faith
78
Early Islamic laws changed the treatment of women by
allowing women to reject marriage offers.
79
Which statement BEST characterizes the hajj?
It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
79
Which of the following statements BEST describes the spread of Islam under the first four caliphs?
Arabs united under Islam and defeated nearby empires.
80
What is one belief that distinguishes Shiite Muslims from Sunni Muslims?
Shiites believe only descendants from Ali and Fatima can be religious leaders
80
Which of the following is true of the Umayyads?
The Umayyads expanded into Spain.
81
How did the Abbasids treat non-Arab Muslims?
Official policy treated all Muslims equally, including non-Arabs.
82
Why did the Abbasid caliphate decline?
The Seljuk Turks took over Baghdad; then the Mongols invaded.
83
Why was trade important to the Muslim empires?
It helped create unity and a money economy and facilitated the spread of ideas and culture.
84
Which statement BEST describes the unique qualities of Islamic art?
Artists featured calligraphy, geometric patterns, and natural motifs in religious art.
85
The work of Ibn Khaldun is important because
he set standards for the scientific study of history.
85
What is an important theme in Arab poetry throughout the centuries?
chivalry and the romance of nomadic life
86
How did Suleiman govern the Ottoman empire?
Suleiman was a strong ruler who governed with a grand vizier and a council.
86
Which of the following BEST describes medicine of the Islamic caliphates?
It was highly innovative and professional.
87
The Ottoman empire’s society was organized
by classes of men of the sword, the pen, negotiation, and husbandry.
87
The Ottoman empire impacted the non-Muslim peoples of the empire in eastern Europe by
organizing them into millets, or religious communities.
88
What religious differences existed between the Ottomans and the Safavids?
The Safavids were Shiite Muslims and the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims.
89
Abbas the Great strengthened the Safavid empire by
tolerating non-Muslims and encouraging their economic contributions.
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90
Which of the following is an example of how the Delhi Sultanate changed society in India?
Many lower caste Hindus converted to Islam because Islam did not recognize a caste system
91
What is the BEST description of the relationship between Muslims and Hindus during the Delhi Sultanate?
violent, then relatively peaceful
92
Sikhism was founded in
the Punjab area of India by Guru Nanak.
93
Akbar is called “the Great” because
his policies of religious tolerance and diversity contributed to a strong central government.
94
Which of the following is one of the key policies Akbar put in place to strengthen his government?
Officials in Akbar's government were paid employees and could not automatically pass on their positions to relatives.
95
2 people who followers claimed were the true succesors of the Prophet
Abu Baker and Ali
96
Islamic Religious Law
Shari'a
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What month do Muslims fast from dawn to sunset
Ramadan
98
The holiest book of Islam
Qur'an
99
The Prophet's first wife
Khadijah
100
What is the pilgrimage to the Mecca called
hajj
101
What is the prophet's flight from Mecca to Medina called
hijra
102
2 early dynasties
Umayyads and Abbasids
103
2 groups of Muslims after they split
Sunni and Shi'a
