test over medieval europe Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
2 Frankish dynasties
A
Merovingians and Carolingians
2
Q
Anglo Saxon scholar hired by Charlemagne to run his palace schools
A
Alciun
3
Q
2 ways of proving innocence in early Germanic trials
A
ordeal
oath
4
Q
mayor of the palace who defeated an Arab invasion of France in 732
A
Charles Martel
5
Q
Roman military leader who may have been king Arthur
A
Riothamus
6
Q
Frankish king who converted to Christianity
A
Clovis
7
Q
Term for Germans settles in the Roman Empire to defend it
A
Federates
8
Q
Frankish queen who helped convert her husband to Christianity
A
Clothide
9
Q
Gallo Roman bishop who wrote a history of the Franks
A
Gregory of Tours
10
Q
What was the name of the guy in the Norman style video?
A
William the Conqueror
11
Q
New type of architecture in the high middle ages
A
gothic
12
Q
Early Norman rivals who fought over the throne when Henry the I died
A
Matilda and Stephen
13
Q
Greek author rediscovered by western Chirsitian scholars during the 11th century
A
Aristotle
14
Q
Term for medieval scholars who studied the ancients and blended faith and reason
A
scholastics
15
Q
people who called for the 1st crusade
A
Urban the II
16
Q
document that ran and recognized towns
A
charter
17
Q
powerful duchess who was the wife of 2 kings and mother of 2 kings
A
Eleanor of Aquitane
18
Q
which powerful king of England introduced land reforms and killed an archbishop?
A
Henry II
19
Q
medieval French Dynasty
A
Capetians
20
Q
Where was the Papacy moved in the early 1300s
A
avignon
21
Q
Pope captured and deposed by French King
A
Pope Boniface VIII
22
Q
English King who called the Model Parliment
A
Edward I
23
Q
2 of the rulers who went on the 3rd Crusade
A
Fredrick Barbarossa, Richard the Lionhearted, Philip Augustus II
24
Q
most powerful medieval pope
A
innocent III
25
term for large scale attack on Jews
pogroms
26
French King who deposed a Pope over taxing clergy
Philip IV
27
2 Holy Roman Emperors from 1000-1300s
Frederick Barbarossa, Otto the I, Henry IV
28
the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires, now called Istanbul
Justinian’s code- a collection of Roman laws organized by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later serving as a model for the Catholic Church and medieval monarchs
Constantinople
29
ruler who has complete authority
Autocrat
30
referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between ancient and modern times
medieval
31
a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s
Franks
32
battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated the Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into France
Battle of Tours
33
an ethnic group centered in present-day Hungary
Magyars
34
Scandinavian peoples whose sailors raided Europe from the 700s through the 1100s
Vikings
35
(483-565) was born of peasant stock and adopted by his uncle Justin (emperor from 518). As the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565, Justinian continued war with Persia and sought to win back former western Roman provinces from barbarian invaders. After riots and a major fire in 532, he rebuilt much of Constantinople in glorious style. He also instituted reforms to stop imperial corruption and promote justice for his subjects. His most influential achievement is Justinian's Code, a collection, organization, and revision of Roman laws.
Justininian
36
(497-548) was the wife of the emperor Justinian and was his most trusted advisor. Known for her powerful intelligence and shrewd political insight.
Theodora exerted decisive influence in Byzantine political affairs. She is mentioned by name in almost every law passed during Justinian's reign. Theodora used her position and power to advance her interests, including pioneering efforts for women's rights. She supported strong laws to end the traffic in young women and
revised divorce laws in favor of more benefits to women.
Theodora
37
(466-511) is known as the political and religious founder of the kingdom of the Franks. He ruled much of Gaul from the late fifth century until 511. His kingdom, which expanded south and west from what is present-day Belgium and northeastern France, was the most powerful in Gaul. He was also the most important ally of the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I. Born a pagan, Clovis corresponded with the powerful bishops of Gaul and, in 496 or perhaps later, became famous as one of the first Germanic kings to convert to
Christianity.
Clovis
38
Charles Martel (688-741) served as mayor of the palace (the person who ruled in the name of the king) for the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom from 715 until 741. The illegitimate son of the former mayor, Martel seized power, eventually reunited, and then ruled the entire kingdom of the Franks. Since 711, Muslims had raided Frankish lands, and in 732 they reached Bordeaux. Called to help at the battle of
During that year, Charles's cavalry halted this last great Muslim advance into Europe.
Charles Martel
39
Charlemagne (747-814), (or "Charles the Great") king of the Franks, the Lombards, and emperor of the Romans, began as a warrior king seeking to conquer territory and distribute plunder in the Frankish tradition. But he also strove to unite and govern an increasingly diverse collection of conquered peoples as well as cope with threats from new invaders. He conducted a long series of successful military campaigns, made efforts to spread Christianity and implement religious reform, and sought to make more effective inherited political institutions and
procedures. and supported cultural renewal through a revival of learning.
Charlemagne
40
loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord
feudalism
41
in medieval Europe, a lord was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord
vassal
42
exchange of pledges between lords and vassals
feudal contract
43
in medieval Europe, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty
Fief
44
a European noble who served as a mounted warrior
knight
45
a mock battle in which knights would compete against one another to display their fighting skills
Tournament
46
code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages
chivlary
47
a wandering poet or singer of medieval Europe
Troubadour
48
during the Middle Ages in Europe, a lord’s estate that included one or more villages and the surrounding lands
manor
49
also called manorial system; economic system during the Middle Ages in Europe that was built around large estates called manors, which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands
manor system
50
in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to the lord’s land
serf
51
(1122-1204), was an heiress to the dukedom of Aquitaine. At age 15, she married the French royal heir, Louis VI, and became queen of France. Intelligent and energetic, she strongly influenced her husband and went with him on the Second Crusade. Her second marriage was to Henry Plantagenet, who became Henry Il of England in 1154. While caring for five sons and three daughters, she actively helped administer England, managed her domains making the court at Poitiers a model of courtly life and remained politically active into her 80s.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
52
a sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church
sacrament
53
rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The rule emphasizes obedience, poverty, and chastity and divides the day into worship, work, and study periods.
Benedictine rule
54
having to do with worldly, rather than religious matters; nonreligious
secular
55
the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers
papal supremacy
56
the body of laws of a church
Canon law
57
exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law
Excommunication
58
in the Roman Catholic Church, ex-communication of an entire town, region, or kingdom
Interdict
59
a medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor
friar
60
prejudice against Jews
Anti-seminitsm
61
the practice of lending money at interest
Usury
62
a split or divide
schism
63
the holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church
icon
64
the official split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Byzantine churches that occurred in 1045; another event was the Great Western Schism, a period when rival popes fought for exclusive power and divided the Roman Catholic Church from 1378- 1417
the great schism
65
in the Middle Ages, a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town
charter
66
money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise
captial
67
a group of merchants who joined together to finance a large-scale venture that would have been too costly for an individual trader
Partnership
68
someone who would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord’s land
Tenant farmer
69
a group of people, including artisans, merchants, and traders, whose rank was between nobles and peasants
middle class
70
in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests
guild
71
a young person learning a trade from a master
apprentice
72
a salaried worker employed by a guild master
journeymen
73
a series of wars between the 1000s and the 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims
crusades
74
Jerusalem and other places where Christians believed Jesus had lived and practiced
holy land
75
during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain
Reconquista
76
A church court set up to try people accused of heresy
Inquisition
77
Ferdinand and Isabella
Ferdinand III (1452-1516) and Isabella I (1451-1504) were the king of Aragon and the queen of Castile. Their marriage joined the two countries to become the country of Spain. Their military efforts were responsible for the final success of the Reconquista.
Ferdinand and Isabella
78
(1042-1099) was the leader of the Roman Catholic church when the Seljuk Turks were threatening the Byzantine Empire. He convened the council of Clermont, where he launched the First Crusade to win the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Pope Urban II
79
a legal system based on custom and court rulings
common law
80
the Great Charter approved by King John of England in the year 1215. It limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen.
Magna Carta
81
the requirements that the government acts fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does.
due process of law
82
the principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
habeas corpus
83
the legislature of England, and later of Great Britain
parliament
84
the empire of west-central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands.
Holy Roman Empire
85
appointment of Bishops by anyone who is not of the clergy
Lay investiture
86
(1028-1087) became the Duke of Normandy at age 7 and was knighted at age 15. He pressured King
Edward of England to name him heir to the throne. Upon Edward's death, William invaded England and won the throne after the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
William the Conqueror
87
(c. 1166-1216) was a son of King Henry II. He seized control of the English throne when his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, was captured while on crusade. Conflicts with the English nobles led to John's forced signature of the Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the English kings.
King John
88
(1214-1270) was King of France from 1226 to 1270. He was one of the most popular kings of France. He led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land and was canonized as a saint in recognition of his faith and services to the Church.
Louis IX
89
(c. 1025-1085) achieved success in his battle with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV on the matter of lay investiture. He greatly expanded papal power by claiming his supremacy over secular rulers.
Gregory VII
90
(1050-1106) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. His efforts to increase the power of the monarchy led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VIII over lay investiture. Gregory excommunicated Henry but later reinstated him in the church after Henry did penance
Henry IV
91
(c. 1123-1190) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1152. He fought hard against growing papal authority and led six expeditions into Italy in an attempt to increase his royal holdings. He died while on the Third Crusade.
Fredrick Barbarossa
92
(c. 1160-1216) was only 37 years old when he became pope and quickly extended the authority of the papacy over Rome and in Italy. When King John of England appointed the archbishop of Canterbury without Innocent's approval, the pope excommunicated John.
Pope Innocent III
93
in medieval Europe, the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief
scholasticism
94
Everyday language of the ordinary people
vernacular
95
the type of medieval architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by the flying buttress, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs
gothic style
96
stone supporters on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher, thinner walls, that contained large stained-glass windows.
flying buttress
97
the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts
illumination
98
the holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church
icon
99
(c. 1364-1430) was the daughter of a physician and astronomer in the French court. Highly educated, de Pisan spoke several languages. After being widowed at 25, she began to write poetry and then comment on social issues.
Chrisitan de Pisan
100
(1225-1274) was a philosopher, theologian, and monk who helped bridge the gap between medieval faith and the philosophy of reason promoted by Greek philosophy. He also explained the idea of natural law, that there are universal laws based on reason that are independent of laws passed by the government.
Thomas Aquinas
101
(1265-1321) was a philosopher, writer, and poet who was deeply involved in Italian politics, including the battles between the popes and monarchs of his time. He held political offices at different times throughout his life. Although he wrote many poems and other works, he is known best for Divine
Comedy.
Dante Alighieri
102
(1343-1400) was the first important poet of his time to write in English.
At various times during his life he worked as a copywriter, member of Parliament, and justice of the peace. His keen observations of many different types of people were reflected in his famous work, Canterbury Tales.
Geoffrey Chaucer
103
an epidemic of the Bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s
Black death
104
an outbreak of rapidly spreading disease
epidemic
105
a six-foot longbow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor
longbow
106
sparse, dry, treeless grassland
steppe
107
the capital of medieval Russia and present-day Ukraine
kyiv
108
relating to the Slavic alphabet derived from the Greek and traditionally attributed to St. Cyrillic; in modified form still used in modern Slavic languages.
cryillic
109
triangular trade arm of land that juts from Southeast Europe into the Meditteranean
balkan penninsula
110
large group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage
ethnic group
111
assembly, or legislature
diet
112
a charter that strictly limited power in Hungary
golden bull of 1222
113
(1462-1505) was one of the most powerful Russian rulers. He consolidated his power by winning the
voluntary allegiance of Russian princes and preventing further Mongol invasions.
Ivan the Great
114
(1530-1584) was the grandson of Ivan the Great. He continued to centralize power in his own hands, developing a brutal secret group that terrorized members of the hereditary nobility, or boyars. His eventual insanity contributed to his name "the Terrible."
Ivan the Terrible
115
Justinian contributed to the flourishing of the Byzantine empire after Rome’s decline by
reforming the laws of ancient Rome.
116
How did Justinian’s Code influence Western political and legal traditions?
It codified principles that many legal systems still use.
117
How did the fall of Rome impact Western Europe?
Trade slowed greatly, and Western Europe became politically divided.
118
How did Germanic tribes carve Europe into small kingdoms?
Germanic kings waged wars of conquest
119
Which of the following best describes the significance of Pope Leo III’s crowning of Charlemagne as the Emperor of the Romans?
It brought back the ideal of uniting Christendom.
120
How would you BEST describe the factors contributing to the development of the political and social system of feudalism?
Invasions led to the development of a new system to provide protection.
121
What was the role of knights and nobles in the feudal system?
As vassals, they swore loyalty and provided military service.
122
Which describes how noblewomen contributed to the economic system of manorialism?
They managed the daily activities of their manor.
123
What was the obligation of nobles to the peasants on their estates?
to provide them with protection and land to farm
124
Which could MOST likely have led to low life expectancy for peasants?
They worked hard and had poor diets, so were vulnerable to disease.
125
Which of the following was one of the ways Christianity spread across Europe?
Traveling friars lived and preached among the common people.
126
How did monks and nuns contribute to learning and intellectual life?
They copied and preserved ancient works.
127
Which statement best describes the role of the popes in the Middle Ages?
They were spiritual leaders who also exercised secular power.
128
What role did Jewish people fill for popes and kings?
They served as advisors and physicians.
129
Which of the following is a characteristic of the medieval Eastern Orthodox Church?
the use of icons in Church teachings and worship
130
Why was the invasion of the Byzantine empire by the Seljuk Turks significant?
It prompted the first of the Crusades.
131
Which of the following items best explains the Crusades’ lasting influence on life in Europe?
They brought new ideas and goods to Europe.
132
How did the growth of trade and manufacturing change women’s lives in Europe?
Women were able to join and even run guilds.
133
How did the three-field system benefit peasants?
It provided a more balanced diet and increased the land's fertility
134
What was the result of Isabella’s efforts to bring religious unity to Spain?
Jews and Muslims were forced to leave Spain.
135
How did new knowledge based on Aristotle and other Greek thinkers pose a challenge to Christian scholars?
Christians believed in the authority of the Church and accepted ideas on faith.
136
How did epic poems reflect the culture of medieval Europe?
They reflected themes of loyalty and heroism that were prized in Europe.
137
What did tapestries and stained glass windows have in common?
Both told important stories to an illiterate audience
138
How did the development of universities affect wealthy townspeople, who were not members of the nobility?
It provided them an opportunity for advancement.
139
Why were Byzantine scholars so important to Western Europe?
They helped preserve ancient Greek and Roman ideas.
140
How was the Church an obstacle to monarchs who wanted more power?
It challenged monarchs' attempts to control the clergy.
141
How did King Philip August change France?
He took control of English lands in Normandy and Anjou.
142
The Magna Carta was important because it established
the principle that the monarch must obey the law
143
How did Pope Innocent III challenge the power of Europe's monarchs?
He stated that the pope was second only to God.
144
What compromise resulted from the Concordat of Worms?
The Church was granted the power to elect and invest bishops, but the emperor could invest them with fiefs
145
Which of the following is one of the far-reaching consequences of the Black Death in Europe?
the slow breakdown of feudalism
146
What became a significant threat to Church power as a result of the election of two rival popes in Rome and Avignon?
Reformers began to challenge the traditional role of the Church.
147
What did John Wycliffe do that the Church saw as a threat?
He translated the Bible into English.
148
What happened in France as a result of the Hundred Years’ War?
The French kings moved to strengthen the monarchy.
149
How did the Hundred Years’ War affect the feudal system?
New technology and changing military needs made feudal lords obsolete.
150
One way in which Russia's geography affected its early history was that
the lack of natural barriers on the steppe encouraged migration.
151
How did Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible change Russian government?
They built an absolute monarchy and concentrated power in their own hands.
152
Which of the following is a way that Mongol rule affected Russia?
It cut off Russia from Western Europe at a time of great scientific progress.
153
Which of the following items is one reason why Eastern Europe became a refuge for Jews?
Poland's government established a policy of toleration toward Jews.
154
How did Eastern Europe become home to so many ethnic groups?
Its geography and location facilitated migration.
