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Microbiology > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Lytic cycle

What does the host genome do in synthesis

A

Shut down , cells stops doing normal behavior

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2
Q

Genome of virus in
Synthesis

A

Directs all cell resources toward viral goal : viral progeny ( off spring )

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3
Q

2 main molecules types that must be produced during synthesis

A

Genome copes and proteins

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4
Q

What proteins are made during synthesis

A

Capsomeres ( this is where you see optional enzymes )

peplomers , matrix - if enveloped

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5
Q

Do living cells make + sense rna

A

No

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6
Q

What is the template starts of dna

A

T A C

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7
Q

What does thymine connect to

A

Adenine

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8
Q

What does guanine connect to

A

Cytosine

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9
Q

+sense strand of rna

A

AUG

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10
Q
  • sense strand of RNA
A

UAC

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11
Q

Peplomers have to go through a what to create the envelope later they don’t assemble

A

Membrane

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12
Q

Making rna

A

Transcription

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13
Q

Making proteins

A

Translation

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14
Q

RNA strand has to start with what to be read by RNA. ( start code )

A

AUG

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15
Q

Blocking from genome copies being made

A

Drug target : Nucleotide Analogues

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16
Q

Fast speed sloppy alows for mistakes

Fake nulclrtides drugs replace normal nucleotides in DNA ( roadblock )

Our cells are slow so wouldn’t happen to animal cells

A

Nucleotide analogues

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17
Q

Antiviral drugs attack ?

A

RNA dependent
RNA transcriptase blockers
( RNA viruses only )

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18
Q

Mulnupiravirmerck

A

Anti covid drug

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19
Q

Step 4
Viral parts are put together all virus types

A

Assembly ( maturation )

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20
Q

Capsomeres join to form capsid around genome

Genetic material inside capsid now nucleocapsid

A

Assembly

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21
Q

Capsomeres join to form capsid around genome

Genetic material inside capsid now nucleocapsid

A

Assembly

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22
Q

Peplomers go to a membrane will become enveloped later

A

During assembly

Enveloped only

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23
Q

Fats virus only

A

If Multiple proteins are made protease cuts proteins apart , fold them

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24
Q

Drug target for assembly

A

Protease inhibitors ( block the cutting aspect)

Ex hiv

Drug : plaxlovid

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25
Drug target for assembly
Protease inhibitors ( block the cutting aspect) Ex hiv Drug : plaxlovid
26
Release
Host cell releases virus particles ( Virion ) Phages : host cell explodes (lysozyme released in cell )
27
Release
Host cell releases virus particles ( Virion ) Phages : host cell explodes (lysozyme released in cell )
28
Release in naked
2 exocytosis
29
Release in enveloped
Budding : process of getting enveloped Virus must bud out of a membrane to gain envelope and peplomers - cell membrane - other membranes
30
Release other membranes Exit cell by exocytosis after they bud through internal membrane
Nuclear Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum
31
Lysogenic life cycle
Step 1 and 2 no difference
32
Step 3 in Lysogenic
Incorporation Viral genes : join host cell genome ( integrase )
33
Incoperated viral genes called
Pro virus , prophage if bacteriophage
34
Drug target for incorporation
Integrase inhibitors If Integrase inhibitor than it used Integrase to make provirus
35
Integrase is used in which life cycle
Lysogenic
36
Incoperated virus is now called
Pro virus ( prophage )
37
Cant get rid in provirus stage , however you can suppress outbreaks by monitoring the following
Triggers that activate viral gene expression Chemical , physical , emotional trauma Age Hormones ( pregnancy , steroid use, menstrual ) Other illnesses Uv radiation ( sun poisoning ) AA Arginine ( Alcohol milk etc )
38
Lysine supplemts helps with
AA Arginine
39
Does HIV need triggers
No
40
Step 4 for Lysogenic
No difference except uses pro viral DNA in situation no matter what genome type virus
41
Latent
Triggered later
42
Latent
Triggered later
43
Persistent
Continuous release cell lives , low Level of cell particles , slow steady release , release particles while cells are alive Ex aids
44
Tumorformation cancer
Ocogene activation
45
Infected cells with provirus get signals to keep producing that shouldn’t be you when you don’t need new cells
Leads to mass
46
3 types of Lysogenic
Latent Persistent Tumor formation
47
What works together to kill cancer cells
Macrophage and T cells
48
Genetic changes disrupts normal control on cell reproduction and behavior
Cancer
49
What’s pre existing
Proto oncogene
50
Can cause cancer but acting good
Proto oncogene
51
If Proto oncogene is activated ( takes at least 2 mutations ) becomes cumulative over time
Oncogene
52
Act as Proto oncogene or as oncogenes
Viruses
53
Genital warts and cervical cancer
Human papilloma Virus
54
Liver cancer
Hepatitis B and C
55
Co infection with malaria and Human Herpes Virus 4
Burkitts Lymphoma
56
Human Herpes Virus 8 and Co infection with Kaposis Sarcoma
Kaposis Sarcoma
57
Oncogenes that turn on and off
Tumor suppression Apoptosis Angiogenesis Metastasis
58
Normally On : Function to inhibit mitosis in abnormal cells
Tumor suppressor
59
Tumor suppressor genes off
Becomes oncogene
60
Normally on : function to cause abnormal cells to commit suicide Programmed cell death Important in fetal developing
Apoptosis
61
Normally off Function to growth of new blood vessels into mass of new cells Increase mass cells if on as a oncogene
Angiogenesis
62
Normally off Function separation , spread of cells Not needed in adults
Metastasis Turns things malignant
63
Need how many flipped Proto oncogenes to be adnormsl to developed cancer
2 with 2 mutations in eat to make 4
64
Harmless no metastasis remove mass cancer gone surgery removal
Benign
65
Removal of mass may take it away however it has spread so you can’t just take the mass out
Malignant
66
Removal of mass may take it away however it has spread so you can’t just take the mass out
67
Mad cow disease Disease in cow w/ spong brain
Bourne spongiform encephalopathy
68
Mad cow disease Disease in cow w/ spong brain
Bourne spongiform encephalopathy
69
Proteins infectious agent
Prion Disease
70
Appearance of brain at autopsy Plaques and spongy paces
Cows disease
71
Appearance of brain at autopsy Plaques and spongy paces
Cows disease
72
How do cows infect humans
Protein rich supplements put in cows food
73
How is this uncausal
Cows don’t eat animal bodies
74
Prion disease Disease of sheep Scrape bodies raw on by rubbing against fences Loss of strength and irratic
Scrapie
75
1st human prion studied disease
Kuru
76
Noble prize for medicine connected w scrapie Fore tribe in New Guinea
Stanley pruisner
77
Gradual loss of motor control and death
Kuru
78
Introduce random variation through mutation
Variability
79
Introduce random variation through mutation
Variability
80
New combination of genes in individual in the the population
Recombination
81
Eukaryotes variation also introduced by
Sex accomplishes reproduction and recombination
82
Eukaryotes variation also introduced by
Sex accomplishes reproduction and recombination
83
Does vertical gene transfer during reproduction allow for genetic variability
No Cloning = no variability
84
New gene combination in existing cells
85
Horizontal gene transfer
the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.
86
3 types of horizontal gene transfer
1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction
87
New DNA received will always _____ existing dna
Replace
88
Old DNA will always be _____ which means broken down into individual nucleotide building blocks to be used again later
Recycled
89
Bacteria replace what they have with the unknown new for recombination Think the show let’s make a deal Monomers reused
Results : new genes in a old cell Helps bacteria maximize genetic variation
90
Helps bacteria maximize genetic Variation Plasmids move freely into both ____ and ______
The genome , other plasmids
91
Recombination more likely with abnormal _____ of plasmid genes
Excision
92
More likely when plasmids pull out imperfectly ( abnormal excision ) take genes with them to another cell
Recombination
93
Donor cells must be
Dead donor cell , DNA fragments in watery medium
94
Recipient cell must be competent and same species unless
Plasmid absorbed Absorbs random DNA bits
95
What genes are gained by which cells
Replacement / recycling of homologous

Microbiology (7 decks)

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