Test Two Connective Tissue Flashcards
(257 cards)
1
Q
Reticular fibers are made up of what
A
Type 3 collagen
2
Q
Function of monocyte
A
Leaves blood stream to become macrophage
3
Q
Function of plasma cell
A
Synthesis of antibodies
4
Q
How to find percentage of RBCs in hematocrit
A
Amount of RBCs/ total amount of contents
5
Q
How do macrophages work
A
Use endocytosis to bring item into their cytoplasm and lysosomes break them down
6
Q
Life span of neutrophil
A
Short and constantly have to make
7
Q
Characteristic of osteoclast
A
Very large cells, motile, multinucleated
8
Q
How does yellow marrow form
A
Red bone marrow stopped working and replaced with adipose
9
Q
Function of dense regular CT and parallel collagen fibers
A
Really good at resisting stress but in only one direction
10
Q
What type of CT is formed to be a net to hold the adipose tissue
A
Reticular CT
11
Q
Characteristics of basophils
A
S shaped nucleus, contains huge purple granules containing heparin and histamine
12
Q
What color does elastin appear in a fresh section
A
Yellow
13
Q
What is present in mucous CT
A
Contains a lot of ground substance with hyaluronic acid and is more fluid in nature
14
Q
What are some examples of glycosamino-glycans
A
Dermatan sulfate, chondritin sulfate, and heparan sulfate
15
Q
How does osteoblast receive nutrients and O2
A
Diffusion
16
Q
Characteristics of fibrocartilage
A
Dense connective tissue made up of type one collagen and has long rows of chondrocytes with no perichondrium
17
Q
What cells form reticular tissue
A
Reticulocytes
18
Q
Is collagen elastic
A
No
19
Q
Connective tissue develops from what
A
Mesoderm more specifically mesenchyme
20
Q
Where is multilocular adipose tissue found
A
Found in new born babies around neck and upper thorax and in hibernating animals
21
Q
What are the subtypes of connective tissue proper
A
Loose, dense irregular, dense regular
22
Q
What is the most abundant protein in the body
A
Collagen
23
Q
Is bone living or dead tissue
A
Living
24
Q
Macrophages act as what
A
Phagocytes
25
What is yellow marrow
Adipose tissue
26
What are the rarest WBCs
Basophils
27
What are the three abnormal RBCs
Microcytes, macrocytes and reticulocytes
28
How do osteocytes form
Osteoid harden due to bringing in calcium and phosphate and simple diffusion is no longer happening
29
What is the zone of proliferation
Mitosis occurs here and chondrocytes start forming stacks of cells, increasing the cells
30
Purpose of collagen bundles
Increase strength
31
How much adipose on male
15 to 20%
32
Characteristics of osteoblasts
Cuboid to round in shape, centrally placed nucleus
33
What organelle is present in multilocular adipose
Mitochondria
34
What are the two layers in perichondrium
First layer contains chondroblasts which is the inner layer that is chondrogenic and the outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue (fibrous layer)
35
Function of glycoproteins
Help hold things together
36
Bone matrix consists of how much inorganic portion
50%
37
What are chondrocytes
Mature cartilage cells
38
How is collagen classified
Depending on amino acid makeup
39
Purpose of having collagen in all directions of dense irregular CT
Helps alleviate stress in multitudes of direction (helps reduce stress in more than one direction)
40
What is the zone of resting cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
41
How to make ground bone
Take small piece of bone and place in oven to heat, heat will destroy anything organic, then place bone on grinding wheel to make it thin and allow light to come in, then stain it
42
Characteristic of monocytes
Kidney bean shape nucleus (indented), sky blue cytoplasm, no granules
43
Is there nerve innervation in cartilage
No
44
Fibrils of collagen are placed together to make what
Fibers
45
Where is fibronectin found
It is a cellular adhesion
46
Where is fibrosa til age found
Intervertebral disc
47
What are the three regions of the bone
Diaphysis, epiphysis, and epiphyseal plate
48
What type of cells are osteoblasts
Secretory
49
Elastic can stretch how many times their original length
1.5 x
50
What is attached to RBC that spleen looks for
Sugar
51
Capsules that contain chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage contain what
Glycosamino-glycine but poor in collagen
52
Life span of lymphocyte
From days to years
53
How are the collagen fibers arranged in dense irregular CT
Arranged in all types of directions
54
What is the functional unit of ground bone
Osteon
55
What cell is the most popular connective tissue cell
Fibroblast
56
Function of mucous CT
Gives a lot of flexibility but very little support
57
In a child, most of the bone marrow is going to contain what
Red marrow
58
Is the lipid droplet in adipose tissue a membrane bound vesicle
No
59
Examples of structural glycoproteins
Laminin and fibronectin
60
Function of connective tissue
Provides and maintains form of the body
61
What characteristics of unilocular adipose tissue
One lipid droplet, round shaped cell, flattened peripheral nucleus
62
WBC’s contain two subtypes
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
63
What is the zone of calcification
Bring in calcium and phosphate causing area to harden
64
Second most popular WBC
Lymphocyte
65
Function of cartilage
Support soft tissue, provides sliding area for joints, growth of bones
66
Where do you see fibroblasts in dense regular CT
More organized and line up in between the collagen fibers
67
Function of reticular connective tissue
Form a net that holds cells in place but lets fluid go through
68
Collagen is formed by
Fibroblasts
69
Describe appearance of plasma cell
Off centered nucleus, clock face pattern
70
What is the epiphysis
End of bone
71
What are glycosamino-glycans
Long and big sugar molecules that attach to a core protein
72
Function of osteoblast
Secrete osteoid which synthesis organic part of bone
73
Describe strength of collagen
Tensile strength stronger than steel
74
What type of forces cause damage to dense regular CT
Shearing forces
75
Most numerous WBC
Neutrophil
76
What is the epiphyseal plate
Growth plate
77
Inorganic portion of bone is responsible for what
Hard nature of bone
78
Collagen stains pink or red because
Acidophilic tissue
79
Cartilage can bear mechanical stress without permanent what
Distortion
80
Where do chondrocytes live
Lacunae
81
Why do women have more adipose than men
Helps protect the developing baby
82
Characteristic of eosinophils
Bilobated nucleus, red to orange granules in cytoplasm which are lysosomes,
83
What type of fibers present in loose areolar
Elastic, collagen and reticular
84
How to make decalcified bone
Take bone and soak in a weak acid which leaches out all the calcium and phosphate and makes bone like rubber
85
Does the lipid droplet stain well
No, if create stain to stain droplet then loose staining on other organelles
86
How much energy produced from sugar
4.1 kcal/gram
87
How do you get a sample of loose areolar tissue
Take sample and take a probe and tease it to spread out, some areas will be more dense than others
88
What components are found in osteoid
Type one collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
89
Function of neutrophil
Phagocyte that looks for foreign material
90
Why is a bone hollow
Reduce the weight
91
What is endosteum
Inside of bone body lining the marrow cavity
92
What type of crystals are in bone matrix
Hydroxyapatite
93
Proteoglycans in hyaline contain what
Long hyaluronic acids and give homeogenous appearance
94
Perichondrium contain how many layers
Two
95
Describe how plasma cells are activated
Antigen protein activate plasma cell, plasma cell going to secrete antibody
96
What creates different glycosamino-glycans
The chemical composition of sugar and chemical combination of proteins
97
What type of plasma proteins are there
Albumin, globulins and fibrinogen
98
What does ground bone contain
Calcium and phosphate
99
If elastin detaches it can do what to the structure
Curl
100
Around each bone crystal is what and why
Water, Shells of hydration, which allows the collagen fibers and crystal to interact better
101
Purpose of multilocular adipose in newborn babies
Baby needs time to get use to environment and get metabolism going and basically lives off of brown fat for heat
102
Hyaline contains what type of matrix
Made up type 2 collagen with no definitive pattern, also contains proteoglycans and water
103
Lacunae in hyaline cartilage contain how many chondrocytes
One to many located in isogenic groups
104
Function of multilocular adipose
Good at generating heat
105
What are the different types of connective tissue cells
Fibroblast, fibrocyte, macrophage, mast cell and plasma cell
106
Characteristic of macrocyte RBCs
Above 9 um, start clogging small blood vessels and cause decrease blood supply to area
107
Collagen forms molecules called
Tropocollagen
108
Osteocytes are encapsulated in what
Bony lamina
109
Ground substance is made up of
Glycosamino-glycans and structural glycoproteins
110
Marrow cavity is filled with
Red or yellow marrow
111
What is the function of adipose tissue
Stores energy, gives us our shape, and insulates our bodies
112
Does the cytoplasm and lipid droplet mix together
No
113
In adult, marrow is mostly
Yellow
114
Characteristic of decalcified bone
Show organic part of bone, can see collagens and cells
115
Unilocular CT is AKA
Yellow
116
Osteocytes are located in what
Lacuna
117
What is the main characteristic of loose areolar tissue
Has a lot of space of ground substance
118
What type of stain do reticular fibers need
A special stain called a silver stain
119
Characteristic of neutrophil
Polymorphic nucleus with many loves, cytoplasm contains granules which are lysosomes
120
What is the periosteum
Outside of the bone
121
Monocytes in blood then got to specific site and become
Osteoclasts
122
Describe appearance of mast cell
Round with central nuclei, cytoplasm contain large course basophilic granules
123
What are glycoproteins made up of
Almost all protein with some sugar
124
Describe reticular fibers
Very thin and narrow
125
What are the connective tissue fibers coming off fibrous layer that comes into the bone itself
Sharpey’s fibers
126
What type of CT is mucous CT
Embryonic CT
127
Characteristics of multilocular adipose tissue
Round cells, nucleus is round and in center of cell, multiple lipid droplets, foamy appearance to cytoplasm
128
Describe appearance of macrophage
Light staining nuclei, granules in cytoplasm that are lysosomes
129
Elastin can be synthesized by what cells
Fibroblasts
130
Function of sharpey’s fibers
Holds fibrous layers in place and allows osteogenic layer to be in a fixed environment
131
Function of fibrinogen
Responsible for blood clotting
132
What are reticulocytes
RBC with nucleus, when RBC develop in bone marrow has nucleus but when leaves bone nucleus disappears, bone marrow releasing RBCs too early due to anemia
133
Bone is constantly remodeling due to
Stress placed on it
134
What is the most common type of cartilage
Hyaline
135
Characteristic of RBC
Biconcave disc, no organelles
136
Osteocytes are
Mature bone cells
137
What are fibrocytes
Resting fibroblasts or old fibroblast
138
Elastic fibers form what type of network
Irregular network
139
What is the fluid environment in blood
Plasma
140
RBCs AKA
Erythrocytes
141
What other type of CT will you see in between the bundles of elastic fibers of elastic CT
Loose connective tissue containing flattened fibrocytes
142
How do chondrocytes appear in fibrocartilage
As single cells or in isogenic groups
143
What is the diaphysis of the bone
Shaft/ body where marrow cavity is
144
What are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline, elastic and fibrous
145
Where is laminin found
In basal lamina
146
Function of osteoclast
Secretes collagenase that breaks down bone
147
Characteristic of platelets
No nucleus, small granules and contains hyalomere
148
What organs does the reticular CT provide framework for
Lymphoid and myeloid organs
149
Why does cartilage have decrease healing
Low metabolic rate
150
What organelles are Lund in osteoblasts
RER and mitochondria and large nucleus
151
What is periosteum and function
Connective tissue covering outside of bone
152
Dermatan sulfate is found where
In skin
153
Hyaline cartilage is covered by what
Perichondrium
154
Marrow cavity is covered by
Compact bone
155
When epiphyseal plate closes can bone grow
No
156
What CT cell is responsible for the synthesis of fibers and the ground substance
Fibroblast
157
Blood is derived from what
The mesoderm
158
What other type of cells are found in reticular CT
Macrophages and lymphocytes
159
Describe appearance of fibroblast
Irregular cytoplasmic outline with large pale ovoid nucleus containing euchromatin
160
Plasma is made up of
Proteins, ions, amino acids, hormones and water
161
Why is blood a connective tissue
Based on its embryology
162
What organ is the area for RBC removal
Spleen
163
What is the rarest CT cell in the body
Plasma cell
164
What are the three types of bone cells
Osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast
165
Purpose of the outer layer of perichondrium
Dense irregular CT that is used as protection of cartilage
166
What part of the bone is hollow
Marrow cavity
167
Is there vascular supply in cartilage
No
168
Fibrinogen forms what
Fibrin which acts like net
169
Heparan sulfate is found where
Reticular fibers
170
Epiphyseal plate is made of
Hyaline cartilage
171
Can a fibrocyte revert back to a fibroblast
Yes
172
Function of elastic CT
More movement and more ability to rebound
173
Where will you see plasma cells
Liver
174
Platelets are formed from
Fragments of Megakaryocytes in the blood marrow when they explode
175
How much adipose on female
20 to 25%
176
Describe appearance of fibrocyte
Spindle shape with a dark staining nucleus
177
Osteoclasts are derived from
Blood monocytes
178
Characteristic of dense irregular CT
Very little space
179
What does elastic cartilage look like
Exactly like hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers and type one collagen
180
Function of loose areolar tissue
Fills in spaces, supports epithelial tissue, and surrounds lymphatic and blood vessels
181
Primary job of RBC
Circulate hemoglobin that binds to O2 and CO2
182
Where is elastic cartilage found
In organs that need support but flexibility such upper portion of ear (auricle)
183
Where are reticular fibers found
In organs where we want to form a net for filtration such as spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, kidney
184
What is cancellous bone
Spongy bone and helps lighten up bone
185
Connective tissue also contains what other structural protein
Glycoproteins
186
What type of fibers will you see in elastic CT
Elastic fibers
187
What comes out of hematocrit
Three layers, yellow is plasma (top), white/gray are WBCs (middle), bottom is RBCs
188
What goes through Haversian canal
Arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatic
189
Function of eosinophils
Kill any sort of parasite and will destroy antibody-antigen complex
190
Microcyte characteristic
Below 6um and decrease amount of hemoglobin and don’t have carrying capacity of O2 or CO2
191
How does cartilage get O2 or nutrients
Dependent on diffusion
192
How many osteocytes in lacuna
One
193
Blood is made up of what formed elements
RBC, WBC and platelets
194
How are the collagen fibers arranged in dense regular CT
Parallel to each other
195
Elastic fibers are made up of
A core of elastin and surrounded by microfibrils
196
What picks up the stain the mucous CT
Mucous proteins in the ground substance
197
Characteristic of lymphocyte
Huge nucleus with a very thin layer of cytoplasm going around it, very few to no granules
198
Where do you see elastic CT
Ligamentum flava
199
What are the two types of adipose tissue
Unilocular and multilocular
200
What does ground substance look like
Colorless, transparent, homogenous, if stained it is the background color
201
What are the circles around Haversian canal
Lamella
202
What is in the nucleus of a fibrocyte
Heterochromatin
203
What cells are present in mucous CT
Fibroblast
204
Osteon contains what
Haversian canal
205
Where is loose areolar CT found
Around organs that need to move such as lymphatic and blood vessels
206
Where does bone grow from
Epiphyseal plate
207
Function of ground substance
Acts as a lubricant and barrier
208
Is the ground substance in mucous CT fibrous
No
209
What are the two major divisions for connective tissue
Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue
210
What part of bone is most prone to undergo remodeling
Cancellous bone
211
How are tunnels created with osteocytes
Star shaped and processes touch another process of other osteocyte to create gap junctions “tunnels”
212
Mast cells normally contain what in them
Heparin, histamine and ECF-A
213
Function of platelets
Important in blood clotting
214
What test is used to examine individuals blood and measure amount of RBCs
Hematocrit
215
Glycosamino-glycans are primarily made up of
Sugar
216
What does heparin and histamine in mast cells do
Respond to allergic attacks
217
Fibers of collagen are twisted to make what
Collagen bundles
218
What is the primary cell in dense irregular CT
Fibroblast
219
How do osteocytes receive nutrients
One osteocyte in contact with artery then O2 can move from one osteocyte to another in the gap junctions
220
What does ECF-A do in mast cells
Calls for eosinophils from the blood to this area
221
What is zone of hyper trophy
Water into the stacked cells and expands, this is the zone that lengthens
222
Macrophage are derived from
Blood monocytes
223
What are the cells in hyaline
Chondrocytes
224
Dense irregular CT has what inside
Collagen fibers
225
Function of chondroblasts
Make cartilage
226
What are globulins in blood
Antibodies that circulate and part of immune system
227
The matrix of hyaline has what type of function
Hold the fibers and cells in place
228
Why is elastic cartilage yellow
Contain elastic fibers
229
Lymphocytes come in what two types of populations
T and B cells
230
What is hematopoietic tissue
Connective tissue responsible for blood cell formation
231
What are the three types of fibers associated with connective tissue
Collagen, elastic and reticular
232
Where is mucous CT found
Found as Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord
233
Tropocollagen is used to make what
Fibrils
234
Red marrow is made up of
Immature blood cells
235
What type of cells are present in loose areolar CT
All of them but mostly fibroblasts
236
Function of albumin
Responsible for creating osmotic pressure of blood
237
Mast cells are turned on by what
IgE antibodies
238
What are the subtypes of supporting connective tissue
Cartilage and bone
239
What is a drum stick on neutrophil
Found in females, which is inactive X
240
Multilocular adipose
| AKA
Brown fat
241
Where do you see dense regular CT in the body
In tendons
242
Where are osteoblasts found
Located on surface of synthesized bone
243
What are in canuliculi
Where processes of osteocytes are located
244
What type of fibers are present in mucous CT
Collagen fibers with a few elastic and reticular fibers
245
What is connective tissue made up of
Ground substance, fibers and cells
246
Is loose areolar strong or delicate
Delicate
247
What are the lines radiating from lacuna
Canuliculi
248
Chondrotin sulfate is found where
Hyaline cartilage in joints
249
When do RBCs stop moving
120 days due to no longer having efficient carrier system
250
How much energy produced from adipose
9.3 kcal/gram
251
Where do you find dense irregular CT
Dermis of the skin since it is constantly under stress
252
Connective tissue proper is divided into
Loose or dense
253
Where do osteoclasts live
Live in depression on the surface of the bone call Howship’s lacuna
254
Specialized connective tissue is divided into what
Cartilage, bone, blood or lymph
255
Where are fibroblasts present in elastic CT
In between bundles of elastin
256
What are the subtypes of special connective tissue
Adipose, elastic, and hematopoietic
257
In adults where is red bone marrow located
Sternum and ilium
