Test Unit 2

Question 1

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the

Answer 1

link between 2 events in the environment

Question 2

Pavlov defined (blank) as fixed stimulus-response patterns

Answer 2

reflexes

Question 3

Tracy was bitten by her neighbor’s dog, and now she will not go near any household pets. This is an example of?

Answer 3

stimulus generalization

Question 4

Thorndike’s law of effect states that?

Answer 4

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Question 5

Ravis is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. What is this an example of?

Answer 5

positive reinforcement

Question 6

What did B.F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?

Answer 6

Reinforcements are more effective than punishments for modifying behavior

Question 7

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called

Answer 7

shaping

Question 8

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?

Answer 8

Modeling

Question 9

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that

Answer 9

certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life

Question 10

Most teens start smoking because they seek some of the rewards that appear to come with smoking. What is this an example of?

Answer 10

secondary

Question 11

A person in a (blank) state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness

Answer 11

comatose

Question 12

Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of?

Answer 12

Audience’s focused attention

Question 13

What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Strayer?

Answer 13

2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements

Question 14

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new works and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

Answer 14

growth of new neurons

Question 15

Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness?

Answer 15

meditation

Question 16

The dropping of the sensory curtain includes the beginning of (blank) of sleep

Answer 16

stage 1

Question 17

Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia?

Answer 17

They are more likely to be iron deficeient

Question 18

If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least (blank) drinks in a row

Answer 18

5

Question 19

When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, they are in a (blank) state

Answer 19

moderately conscious

Question 20

When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together, what is occurring?

Answer 20

leads one to consciously attend to something

Question 21

What does mindfulness meditation encourage?

Answer 21

attention to the details of momentary experience

Question 22

Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm

Answer 22

variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24 hour period

Question 23

Which of the following is a marker of stage 2 sleep?

Answer 23

K-complexes

Question 24

According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than optimum duration as long as:

Answer 24

it falls in the appropriate circadian cycle

Question 25

EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal

Answer 25

abnormality in sleep spindles

Question 26

John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John's brain would reveal that he has a damaged

Answer 26

frontal lobe

Question 27

Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?

Answer 27

Psilocybin

Question 28

What is the monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts?

Answer 28

awareness

Question 29

According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8 week mediation training program showed an

Answer 29

increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing

Question 30

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complained of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in (blank) is most likely to have cause Raj's problems.

Answer 30

circadian rhythm

Question 31

Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of (blank)

Answer 31

cerebral toxins

Question 32

Which area of the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain?

Answer 32

cortical area

Question 33

What is a synthesized form of the derivative of the grain fungus ergot?

Answer 33

LSD

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness?

Answer 34

when the various sensory elements get integrated

Question 35

What can be considered a key element of consciousness?

Answer 35

attention

Question 36

According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction rates?

Answer 36

texting

Question 37

Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt?

Answer 37

William Dement

Question 38

What is true about people who sleepwalk?

Answer 38

people who sleepwalk do not remeber having been up

Question 39

What is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

Answer 39

hallucination

Question 40

(blank) memory is the short-term retention of sounds

Answer 40

echoic

Question 41

reading, talking, and listening to someone speak involves the

Answer 41

short-term memory

Question 42

Which of the following has 2 distinct types and 4 distinct stages of processing?

Answer 42

long-term memory

Question 43

While studying (blank) processing, researchers ask questions such as "Is the word in capital letters?"

Answer 43

structural

Question 44

What are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other?

Answer 44

neural networks

Question 45

Aricept and Reminyl are 2 medications that are approved by the FDA for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they

Answer 45

boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Question 46

What cortex is located in the parietal lobes?

Answer 46

somatosensory

Question 47

A memory from a real event, which was encoded and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is terms as a (blank) memory

Answer 47

recovered

Question 48

What is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain?

Answer 48

sensory memory

Question 49

What memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of the memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand

Answer 49

short-term

Question 50

What memory is for facts and knowledge?

Answer 50

semantic

Question 51

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

Answer 51

driven by attention

Question 52

What is a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks?

Answer 52

parallel distributed processing (ie processing color, depth, and shape all at once)

Question 53

The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggest that the ground up leaves of the (blank) tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease?

Answer 53

ginko biloba

Question 54

Someone who has PTSD will

Answer 54

relive an extremely traumatic event over and over

Question 55

False memories are an example of

Answer 55

suggestibility

Question 56

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of

Answer 56

syntax and grammar

Question 57

According to scientists, children employ the recency affect when learning languages. It means that children usually tend to learn

Answer 57

the last words in a sentence first

Question 58

David, 15 years of age, he has trouble with all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to

Answer 58

12 years of age

Question 59

According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true?

Answer 59

language influences rather than determine our thinking

Question 60

Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk?

Answer 60

the visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal systems

Question 61

Which of the following refers to a mental grouping of objects, events, or people?

Answer 61

concept

Question 62

What refers to the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence

Answer 62

reasoning

Question 63

What requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it?

Answer 63

metacognitive thinking

Question 64

Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, human will choose the one that is most likely to help them active their particular goals

Answer 64

rational choice theory

Question 65

Linguistics define human language as (blank) and (blank) communication system

Answer 65

open, symbolic

Question 66

Which of the following is associated with Wernicke's area?

Answer 66

language comprehension

Question 67

What is the optimal learning time for language acquisition?

Answer 67

0-12 years

Question 68

Which of the following refers to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis?

Answer 68

language creates thought as much as thought creates language

Question 69

Rachel is a 10 year old girl. She imagines how her life will pan out in the next ten years when she attends college. Which term best describes Rachel's imagination?

Answer 69

mental representation

Question 70

Which hormone plays a key role in determining the ability to perform better on tests of spatial ability for men, women, and animals?

Answer 70

testosterone

Question 71

While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts an evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgements based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing?

Answer 71

critical thinking

Question 72

After a recent news story about a disastrous plan crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane. What is this an example of?

Answer 72

availability heurisitc

Question 73

What is true about brain waves?

Answer 73

theta waves are lower in energy than alpha waves

Question 74

Now middle-aged, a man can still remember his exploits on the football field when he was in high school and he is more than willing to discuss these memories with his children. The information that is the basis for his recollection is part of his (blank) memory

Answer 74

episodic

Question 75

A 3 years old loves sports. Her mom recently taught her how to catch a big beach ball and now her dad it teach her how catch a small tennis ball. At first, she tries to "surround" the tennis ball with her arms, the way she did the beach ball. She slowly learns to use her hand. This is?

Answer 75

accommodation

Question 76

Your nephew loves to read science fiction. He particularly likes works in which alternative worlds are described and he has begun writing his own story set in a world where good triumphs over evil, and cunning wins out over treachery. Your nephew is probably in the (blank) stage of cognitive development

Answer 76

formal operational

Question 77

Every night at supper time, a telemarketer calls people and tries to get them to buy things that they don't need. On average, he makes a sale after every 72 calls. Every friday night he treats himself by buying a steak dinner with part of his earnings. The telemarketer's success is on a (blank) schedule and his dining behavior is on a (blank) schedule

Answer 77

variable-ration, fixed-interval

Question 78

What describes the interrelation of concentration and attention?

Answer 78

perceptual load model

Question 79

What memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye?

Answer 79

iconic

Question 80

According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma?

Answer 80

"Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is wrong."