The Axial Skeleton Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What is the axial skeleton?
A
The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
Example sentence: The axial skeleton provides structural support for the head and trunk.
2
Q
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
A
Supports the head, neck, and trunk; protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs.
Additional information: The axial skeleton plays a crucial role in maintaining posture and protecting vital organs.
3
Q
What parts make up the axial skeleton?
A
Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
No additional information.
4
Q
In some individuals, what is the incomplete supra-orbital foramen called?
A
Supra-orbital notch.
No example sentence provided.
5
Q
The olfactory foramina are found in which bones?
A
Ethmoid bone.
No additional information.
6
Q
What is the supra-orbital margin, and what is its purpose?
A
The bony ridge above the eye sockets; provides protection for the eyes.
No example sentence provided.
7
Q
Which portion of the temporal bone houses the structures of the internal ear?
A
Petrous part of the temporal bone.
No additional information.
8
Q
Which paired bones form the lateral and posterior portions of the cranium?
A
Parietal bones.
No example sentence provided.
9
Q
What are the cranial bones?
A
Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid.
No additional information.
10
Q
What is the definition of a sinus?
A
A cavity or hollow space within a bone, often filled with air.
No example sentence provided.
11
Q
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
A
To warm and humidify air as it passes through the nasal cavity.
Example sentence: The nasal conchae help to moisten and heat the air we breathe in.
12
Q
What forms the bony portion of the nasal septum?
A
Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
No additional information.
13
Q
Is the vomer considered a paired or unpaired bone?
A
Unpaired bone.
No additional information.
14
Q
How many bones are contained in the skull?
A
22 bones.
No additional information.
15
Q
What is the function of the alveolar processes of the mandible?
A
To support the teeth.
No additional information.
16
Q
What are the smallest facial bones?
A
The lacrimal bones.
No additional information.
17
Q
Where does the hyoid bone attach? Is it linked to anything? What is it superior to? Does it directly articulate with other bones?
A
It is linked by ligaments and muscles; it is superior to the thyroid cartilage; it does not directly articulate with any other bone.
No additional information.
18
Q
Which sense would damage to the temporal bone most likely affect?
A
Hearing.
No additional information.
19
Q
What would premature closure of the sagittal suture result in?
A
Scaphocephaly (long, narrow head).
No additional information.
20
Q
When and how does a cleft palate form?
A
During embryonic development when the palatine processes fail to fuse.
No additional information.
21
Q
Nerves carrying sensory information from the lips and chin pass through the?
A
Mental foramen.
No additional information.
22
Q
What is the paranasal sinus?
A
Air-filled spaces in the bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
No additional information.
23
Q
What is sinus inflammation called?
A
Sinusitis.
No additional information.
24
Q
How many and which bones make up the orbital complex?
A
7 bones: frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid.
No additional information.
25
Which bones make up the nasal complex?
Nasal bones, maxillae, palatine bones, vomer, and ethmoid.
## Footnote
No additional information.
26
What is the role of the sinuses?
To lighten the skull, humidify and warm inhaled air, and enhance voice resonance.
## Footnote
No additional information.
27
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull, produce mucus, and improve resonance.
## Footnote
No additional information.
28
What forms the floor of the orbital complex?
Maxilla and palatine bones.
## Footnote
No additional information.
29
Which bone houses the largest sinus?
Maxilla.
## Footnote
No additional information.
30
What is a deviated septum?
A condition where the nasal septum is displaced to one side, causing breathing difficulties.
## Footnote
No additional information.
31
Sutures can be found at all joints of the adult skull except between?
The mandible and the temporal bone (temporomandibular joint).
## Footnote
No additional information.
32
What is craniostenosis?
Premature fusion of skull sutures leading to abnormal head shape.
## Footnote
No additional information.
33
What is microcephaly?
A condition where a baby’s head is significantly smaller than expected, often due to abnormal brain development.
## Footnote
No additional information.
34
What are fontanelles?
Soft spots on an infant's skull where bones have not yet fused.
## Footnote
No additional information.
35
Which two fontanelles form along the sagittal suture?
Anterior fontanelle and posterior fontanelle.
## Footnote
No additional information.
36
When does the most significant skull growth occur?
During infancy and early childhood.
## Footnote
No additional information.
37
What is scoliosis?
A sideways curvature of the spine.
## Footnote
No additional information.
38
What are the four spinal curves?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curves.
## Footnote
No additional information.
39
What is the function of the primary spinal curves?
To accommodate the thoracic and abdominal organs and provide balance.
## Footnote
No additional information.
40
Which of the secondary curves do not appear until several months after birth?
Cervical and lumbar curves.
## Footnote
No additional information.
41
What is the purpose of the secondary curves?
To distribute weight and enhance balance and posture.
## Footnote
No additional information.
42
What are the five vertebral regions?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.
## Footnote
No additional information.
43
What is the first cervical vertebra called?
Atlas.
## Footnote
No additional information.
44
What is the second cervical vertebra called?
Axis.
## Footnote
No additional information.
45
Which vertebrae allow for a wide range of head movements?
Atlas and axis (C1 and C2).
## Footnote
No additional information.
46
How many thoracic vertebrae are contained in the vertebral column?
12 thoracic vertebrae.
## Footnote
No additional information.
47
How is the vertebral arch formed?
By the fusion of the pedicles and laminae.
## Footnote
No additional information.
48
What part of the vertebrae transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column?
The vertebral body.
## Footnote
No additional information.
49
Most mammals, including humans and giraffes, have how many cervical vertebrae?
7 cervical vertebrae.
## Footnote
No additional information.
50
Which regions of the vertebrae are fused in the adult?
Sacral and coccygeal regions.
## Footnote
No additional information.
51
In which region can you find the widest intervertebral discs?
Lumbar region.
## Footnote
No additional information.
52
Where is the dens process found?
On the axis (C2 vertebra).
## Footnote
No additional information.
53
The sacrum consists of how many fused bones?
5 fused sacral vertebrae.
## Footnote
No additional information.
54
The ability to nod "yes"
No additional information.
## Footnote
No additional information
55
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 cervical vertebrae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The cervical vertebrae are located in the neck region.
56
Which regions of the vertebrae are fused in the adult?
Sacral and coccygeal regions.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The sacral and coccygeal regions fuse to form the sacrum and coccyx, respectively.
57
Where can you find the widest intervertebral discs?
Lumbar region.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The lumbar region is known for its larger intervertebral discs compared to other regions.
58
Where is the dens process found?
On the axis (C2 vertebra).
## Footnote
Example sentence: The dens process is a unique feature of the C2 vertebra.
59
How many fused bones make up the sacrum?
5 fused sacral vertebrae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.
60
What two bones articulate to allow nodding 'yes'?
Atlas (C1) and occipital bone.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The articulation between the atlas and occipital bone allows for the nodding motion.
61
What distinguishes thoracic vertebrae?
Presence of facets for rib articulation and a longer spinous process.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The thoracic vertebrae have unique features that allow for rib attachment and protection of the spinal cord.
62
What distinguishes cervical vertebrae?
Smaller size, presence of transverse foramina, and bifid spinous processes (C2-C6).
## Footnote
Example sentence: The cervical vertebrae have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from other vertebrae.
63
What is the function of the sacrum? Where does it attach? Where does it articulate?
Supports the pelvis; attaches to the iliac bones and articulates with the lumbar vertebrae and coccyx.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The sacrum plays a crucial role in supporting the pelvis and connecting the lumbar vertebrae and coccyx.
64
How does the function of the coccyx compare to the sacrum?
The coccyx provides attachment for ligaments and muscles but does not support weight like the sacrum.
## Footnote
Example sentence: While the coccyx provides support for soft tissues, it does not bear weight like the sacrum.
65
What do the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae fuse to form?
Median sacral crest.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The fusion of sacral spinous processes creates the median sacral crest.
66
Where do the clavicles articulate on the sternum?
The manubrium.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The clavicles attach to the manubrium of the sternum.
67
What is the superior part of the sternum called?
Manubrium.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The manubrium is the uppermost portion of the sternum.
68
What is spina bifida?
A birth defect where the spine does not close completely around the spinal cord.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Spina bifida is a neural tube defect that can lead to various health complications.
69
How many pairs of ribs do humans normally have?
12 pairs of ribs.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Humans typically have 12 pairs of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae.
70
Where do the ribs articulate on the vertebrae?
The bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae at the bodies and transverse processes.
71
Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate?
It articulates with the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The tubercle of the rib connects to the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.
72
What are true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?
True Ribs: Ribs 1-7, articulate directly with the sternum.
False Ribs: Ribs 8-10, connect to the sternum indirectly.
Floating Ribs: Ribs 11-12, do not connect to the sternum.
## Footnote
Example sentence: True ribs have a direct connection to the sternum, while false ribs connect indirectly and floating ribs do not attach to the sternum.
73
What connective tissue is found between the ribs and the sternum?
Costal cartilage.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Costal cartilage provides flexibility and support between the ribs and sternum.
74
What should you avoid damaging while performing CPR on an unconscious person?
Xiphoid process of the sternum.
## Footnote
Example sentence: During CPR, care must be taken to avoid causing injury to the xiphoid process of the sternum.
75
What is the axial skeleton?
The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The axial skeleton provides structural support for the head and trunk.
76
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
Supports the head, neck, and trunk; protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs.
## Footnote
Additional information: The axial skeleton plays a crucial role in maintaining posture and protecting vital organs.
77
What parts make up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
## Footnote
No additional information.
78
In some individuals, what is the incomplete supra-orbital foramen called?
Supra-orbital notch.
## Footnote
No example sentence provided.
79
The olfactory foramina are found in which bones?
Ethmoid bone.
## Footnote
No additional information.
80
What is the supra-orbital margin, and what is its purpose?
The bony ridge above the eye sockets; provides protection for the eyes.
## Footnote
No example sentence provided.
81
Which portion of the temporal bone houses the structures of the internal ear?
Petrous part of the temporal bone.
## Footnote
No additional information.
82
Which paired bones form the lateral and posterior portions of the cranium?
Parietal bones.
## Footnote
No example sentence provided.
83
What are the cranial bones?
Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid.
## Footnote
No additional information.
84
What is the definition of a sinus?
A cavity or hollow space within a bone, often filled with air.
## Footnote
No example sentence provided.
85
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
To warm and humidify air as it passes through the nasal cavity.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The nasal conchae help to moisten and heat the air we breathe in.
86
What forms the bony portion of the nasal septum?
Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
## Footnote
No additional information.
87
Is the vomer considered a paired or unpaired bone?
Unpaired bone.
## Footnote
No additional information.
88
How many bones are contained in the skull?
22 bones.
## Footnote
No additional information.
89
What is the function of the alveolar processes of the mandible?
To support the teeth.
## Footnote
No additional information.
90
What are the smallest facial bones?
The lacrimal bones.
## Footnote
No additional information.
91
Where does the hyoid bone attach? Is it linked to anything? What is it superior to? Does it directly articulate with other bones?
It is linked by ligaments and muscles; it is superior to the thyroid cartilage; it does not directly articulate with any other bone.
## Footnote
No additional information.
92
Which sense would damage to the temporal bone most likely affect?
Hearing.
## Footnote
No additional information.
93
What would premature closure of the sagittal suture result in?
Scaphocephaly (long, narrow head).
## Footnote
No additional information.
94
When and how does a cleft palate form?
During embryonic development when the palatine processes fail to fuse.
## Footnote
No additional information.
95
Nerves carrying sensory information from the lips and chin pass through the?
Mental foramen.
## Footnote
No additional information.
96
What is the paranasal sinus?
Air-filled spaces in the bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
## Footnote
No additional information.
97
What is sinus inflammation called?
Sinusitis.
## Footnote
No additional information.
98
How many and which bones make up the orbital complex?
7 bones: frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid.
## Footnote
No additional information.
99
Which bones make up the nasal complex?
Nasal bones, maxillae, palatine bones, vomer, and ethmoid.
## Footnote
No additional information.
100
What is the role of the sinuses?
To lighten the skull, humidify and warm inhaled air, and enhance voice resonance.
## Footnote
No additional information.
101
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull, produce mucus, and improve resonance.
## Footnote
No additional information.
102
What forms the floor of the orbital complex?
Maxilla and palatine bones.
## Footnote
No additional information.
103
Which bone houses the largest sinus?
Maxilla.
## Footnote
No additional information.
104
What is a deviated septum?
A condition where the nasal septum is displaced to one side, causing breathing difficulties.
## Footnote
No additional information.
105
Sutures can be found at all joints of the adult skull except between?
The mandible and the temporal bone (temporomandibular joint).
## Footnote
No additional information.
106
What is craniostenosis?
Premature fusion of skull sutures leading to abnormal head shape.
## Footnote
No additional information.
107
What is microcephaly?
A condition where a baby’s head is significantly smaller than expected, often due to abnormal brain development.
## Footnote
No additional information.
108
What are fontanelles?
Soft spots on an infant's skull where bones have not yet fused.
## Footnote
No additional information.
109
Which two fontanelles form along the sagittal suture?
Anterior fontanelle and posterior fontanelle.
## Footnote
No additional information.
110
When does the most significant skull growth occur?
During infancy and early childhood.
## Footnote
No additional information.
111
What is scoliosis?
A sideways curvature of the spine.
## Footnote
No additional information.
112
What are the four spinal curves?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curves.
## Footnote
No additional information.
113
What is the function of the primary spinal curves?
To accommodate the thoracic and abdominal organs and provide balance.
## Footnote
No additional information.
114
Which of the secondary curves do not appear until several months after birth?
Cervical and lumbar curves.
## Footnote
No additional information.
115
What is the purpose of the secondary curves?
To distribute weight and enhance balance and posture.
## Footnote
No additional information.
116
What are the five vertebral regions?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.
## Footnote
No additional information.
117
What is the first cervical vertebra called?
Atlas.
## Footnote
No additional information.
118
What is the second cervical vertebra called?
Axis.
## Footnote
No additional information.
119
Which vertebrae allow for a wide range of head movements?
Atlas and axis (C1 and C2).
## Footnote
No additional information.
120
How many thoracic vertebrae are contained in the vertebral column?
12 thoracic vertebrae.
## Footnote
No additional information.
121
How is the vertebral arch formed?
By the fusion of the pedicles and laminae.
## Footnote
No additional information.
122
What part of the vertebrae transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column?
The vertebral body.
## Footnote
No additional information.
123
Most mammals, including humans and giraffes, have how many cervical vertebrae?
7 cervical vertebrae.
## Footnote
No additional information.
124
Which regions of the vertebrae are fused in the adult?
Sacral and coccygeal regions.
## Footnote
No additional information.
125
In which region can you find the widest intervertebral discs?
Lumbar region.
## Footnote
No additional information.
126
Where is the dens process found?
On the axis (C2 vertebra).
## Footnote
No additional information.
127
The sacrum consists of how many fused bones?
5 fused sacral vertebrae.
## Footnote
No additional information.
128
The ability to nod "yes"
No additional information.
## Footnote
No additional information
129
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 cervical vertebrae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The cervical vertebrae are located in the neck region.
130
Which regions of the vertebrae are fused in the adult?
Sacral and coccygeal regions.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The sacral and coccygeal regions fuse to form the sacrum and coccyx, respectively.
131
Where can you find the widest intervertebral discs?
Lumbar region.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The lumbar region is known for its larger intervertebral discs compared to other regions.
132
Where is the dens process found?
On the axis (C2 vertebra).
## Footnote
Example sentence: The dens process is a unique feature of the C2 vertebra.
133
How many fused bones make up the sacrum?
5 fused sacral vertebrae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.
134
What two bones articulate to allow nodding 'yes'?
Atlas (C1) and occipital bone.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The articulation between the atlas and occipital bone allows for the nodding motion.
135
What distinguishes thoracic vertebrae?
Presence of facets for rib articulation and a longer spinous process.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The thoracic vertebrae have unique features that allow for rib attachment and protection of the spinal cord.
136
What distinguishes cervical vertebrae?
Smaller size, presence of transverse foramina, and bifid spinous processes (C2-C6).
## Footnote
Example sentence: The cervical vertebrae have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from other vertebrae.
137
What is the function of the sacrum? Where does it attach? Where does it articulate?
Supports the pelvis; attaches to the iliac bones and articulates with the lumbar vertebrae and coccyx.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The sacrum plays a crucial role in supporting the pelvis and connecting the lumbar vertebrae and coccyx.
138
How does the function of the coccyx compare to the sacrum?
The coccyx provides attachment for ligaments and muscles but does not support weight like the sacrum.
## Footnote
Example sentence: While the coccyx provides support for soft tissues, it does not bear weight like the sacrum.
139
What do the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae fuse to form?
Median sacral crest.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The fusion of sacral spinous processes creates the median sacral crest.
140
Where do the clavicles articulate on the sternum?
The manubrium.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The clavicles attach to the manubrium of the sternum.
141
What is the superior part of the sternum called?
Manubrium.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The manubrium is the uppermost portion of the sternum.
142
What is spina bifida?
A birth defect where the spine does not close completely around the spinal cord.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Spina bifida is a neural tube defect that can lead to various health complications.
143
How many pairs of ribs do humans normally have?
12 pairs of ribs.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Humans typically have 12 pairs of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae.
144
Where do the ribs articulate on the vertebrae?
The bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae at the bodies and transverse processes.
145
Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate?
It articulates with the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The tubercle of the rib connects to the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.
146
What are true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?
True Ribs: Ribs 1-7, articulate directly with the sternum.
False Ribs: Ribs 8-10, connect to the sternum indirectly.
Floating Ribs: Ribs 11-12, do not connect to the sternum.
## Footnote
Example sentence: True ribs have a direct connection to the sternum, while false ribs connect indirectly and floating ribs do not attach to the sternum.
147
What connective tissue is found between the ribs and the sternum?
Costal cartilage.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Costal cartilage provides flexibility and support between the ribs and sternum.
148
What should you avoid damaging while performing CPR on an unconscious person?
Xiphoid process of the sternum.
## Footnote
Example sentence: During CPR, care must be taken to avoid causing injury to the xiphoid process of the sternum.
