Chapter 9

Question 1

Structural Classification of Joints

Answer 1

Joints can be classified into three main types based on their structure: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

Question 2

Types of Synarthrosis

Answer 2

Immovable joints (e.g., sutures in the skull).

Question 3

Types of Diarthrosis

Answer 3

Freely movable joints (e.g., shoulder, knee).

Question 4

Types of Syndesmosis

Answer 4

Slightly movable joints (e.g., tibiofibular joint).

Question 5

Types of Amphiarthrosis

Answer 5

Slightly movable joints (e.g., pubic symphysis).

Question 6

Types of Synostosis

Answer 6

Fused joints (e.g., fusion of certain cranial bones).

Question 7

Example of a Synchondrosis

Answer 7

The articulation of the first rib with the sternum.

Example sentence.

Question 8

Intervertebral Disc Joint Classification

Answer 8

This joint is classified as a symphysis.

Question 9

Four Major Types of Synarthrotic Joints

Answer 9

Sutures, gomphoses, synchondroses, and synostoses.

Question 10

Pubic Symphysis Classification

Answer 10

Structurally, it is classified as a cartilaginous joint (symphysis).

Question 11

Damaged Articular Cartilage

Answer 11

It can lead to pain and reduced movement; the surface can become rough or uneven.

Question 12

Functions of Synovial Fluid

Answer 12

Lubrication, nourishment, shock absorption. Synovial joints are characterized by a joint capsule, articular cartilage, and a synovial membrane.

Question 13

Bursae

Answer 13

Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tissues, commonly found around joints like the shoulder and knee.

Question 14

Accessory Synovial Structure

Answer 14

Examples include menisci and bursae.

Question 15

Functions of Fat Pads

Answer 15

Provide cushioning and fill spaces in joints.

Question 16

Functions of Menisci

Answer 16

C-shaped cartilage structures that improve fit between bones in a joint, enhancing stability.

Question 17

Definition of Fracture

Answer 17

A break in a bone.

Question 18

Definition of Bunion

Answer 18

A bony bump on the joint of the big toe.

Question 19

Definition of Bursitis

Answer 19

Inflammation of a bursa.

Question 20

Definition of Dislocation

Answer 20

Displacement of a bone from its joint.

Question 21

Definition of Sprain

Answer 21

Stretching or tearing of ligaments.

Question 22

Intracapsular vs. Extracapsular Ligament

Answer 22

Intracapsular ligaments are located within the joint capsule (e.g., ACL), while extracapsular ligaments are located outside the capsule (e.g., LCL).

Question 23

Stabilizing Factors of Synovial Joints

Answer 23

Ligaments, tendons, muscle tone, and the shape of articulating surfaces.

Question 24

Types of Condylar Joint

Answer 24

Example: Metacarpophalangeal joint.

Question 25

Types of Hinge Joint

Answer 25

Example: Elbow.

Question 26

Types of Saddle Joint

Answer 26

Example: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Question 27

Types of Monaxial Joint

Answer 27

Example: Hinge joint.

Question 28

Types of Gliding Joint

Answer 28

Example: Intercarpal joints.

Question 29

Types of Pivot Joint

Answer 29

Example: Atlantoaxial joint.

Question 30

Types of Ball-and-Socket Joint

Answer 30

Example: Shoulder.

Question 31

Ankle Extension

Answer 31

Also called dorsiflexion.

Question 32

Definition of Pronation

Answer 32

A rotational movement of the forearm or foot where the palm or sole faces down or backward.

Question 33

Pinching Movement

Answer 33

This involves opposition.

Question 34

Definition of Flexion

Answer 34

Decreasing the angle between body parts (e.g., bending the elbow).

Question 35

Definition of Eversion

Answer 35

Turning the sole outward.

Question 36

Definition of Supination

Answer 36

Rotating the forearm to face up.

Question 37

Definition of Hyperextension

Answer 37

Extending beyond the normal range (e.g., bending the back backward).

Question 38

Definition of Abduction

Answer 38

Moving away from the midline (e.g., lifting arms sideways).

Question 39

Definition of Depression

Answer 39

Lowering a body part (e.g., dropping shoulders).

Question 40

Definition of Elevation

Answer 40

Raising a body part (e.g., shrugging shoulders).

Question 41

Definition of Extension

Answer 41

Increasing the angle (e.g., straightening the knee).

Question 42

Definition of Triaxial Articulation

Answer 42

A joint that allows movement along three axes (e.g., ball-and-socket joint).

Question 43

Definition of Internal Rotation

Answer 43

Rotating limb toward the anterior surface.

Question 44

Definition of External Rotation

Answer 44

Rotating limb outward.

Question 45

Atlantoaxial Joint Classification

Answer 45

Considered a pivot joint.

Question 46

Example of Protraction

Answer 46

Moving the jaw forward.

Question 47

Permitted Movements at Synovial Joints

Answer 47

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and gliding. Types of synovial joints include hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, saddle, and more.

Question 48

Movements at Intervertebral Joints

Answer 48

Flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion.

Question 49

Gelatinous Core of Intervertebral Disc

Answer 49

Nucleus pulposus.

Question 50

Fibrocartilage Outer Layer of Intervertebral Disc

Answer 50

Annulus fibrosus.

Question 51

Ligament - Flava Ligament

Answer 51

Connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

Question 52

Ligament - Supraspinous Ligament

Answer 52

Connects the tips of the spinous processes.

Question 53

Ligament - Interspinous Ligament

Answer 53

Connects adjacent spinous processes.

Question 54

Ligament - Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Answer 54

Runs along the anterior vertebral bodies.

Question 55

Ligament - Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Answer 55

Runs along the posterior vertebral bodies.

Question 56

Elbow Joint Stability

Answer 56

Its bony structure and surrounding ligaments provide strong support.

Question 57

Contraction of Muscle Attached to Radial Tuberosity

Answer 57

Results in forearm flexion.

Question 58

Largest and Strongest Articulation at the Elbow

Answer 58

Hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna.

Question 59

Ligament Supporting Front of Knee

Answer 59

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

Question 60

Ligament Supporting Front of Knee

Answer 60

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ## Footnote Example sentence: The ACL helps stabilize the knee during physical activities.

Question 61

Functions of Menisci in Knee Joint

Answer 61

Provide cushioning, stability, and distribute load ## Footnote Additional information: The menisci are crucial for absorbing shock and preventing friction in the knee joint.

Question 62

Major Ligaments Stabilizing Knee Joint

Answer 62

Four: ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL ## Footnote Commonly known as the cruciate ligaments and collateral ligaments.

Question 63

Ligaments Associated with Hip Joint

Answer 63

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments ## Footnote These ligaments contribute to the stability and range of motion of the hip joint.

Question 64

Factors Increasing Stability of Hip Joint

Answer 64

Deep socket (acetabulum), strong ligaments, and surrounding muscles ## Footnote The combination of these factors ensures the hip joint's stability and functionality.

Question 65

Most Common Joint Inflammation

Answer 65

Osteoarthritis ## Footnote Rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis are less common types of joint inflammation.