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Anatomy & Physiology > Bones & Bone Structure > Flashcards

Bones & Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

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2
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.

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3
Q

What is the shaft of long bones called?

A

Diaphysis.

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4
Q

What is the difference between trochlea, tuberosity, and trochanter?

A

Trochlea: Smooth, grooved articular surface.
Tuberosity: Large, rounded projection for muscle/ligament attachment.
Trochanter: Large, blunt projection (e.g., on the femur).

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5
Q

What is a sinus? What is a foramen? What is a fossa?

A

Sinus: Cavity within a bone.
Foramen: Opening in a bone for nerves/vessels.
Fossa: Shallow depression in a bone.

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6
Q

What is the expanded articular end of an epiphysis called?

A

Capitulum or Head.

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7
Q

How many major bones are contained in an adult skeleton?

A

206 bones.

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8
Q

Which bones are classified as ‘irregular,’ ‘short,’ ‘flat,’ ‘sesamoid,’ and ‘long’?

A

Irregular: Vertebrae, facial bones.
Short: Carpals, tarsals.
Flat: Skull bones, ribs.
Sesamoid: Patella.
Long: Femur, humerus.

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9
Q

What are epiphyses, diaphysis, and metaphysis?

A

Epiphyses: Ends of long bones.
Diaphysis: Shaft of long bones.
Metaphysis: Area between epiphysis and diaphysis.

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10
Q

What are the small bones that fill gaps between skull bones called?

A

Wormian bones (sutural bones).

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11
Q

What is a condyle? What are canaliculi?

A

Condyle: Rounded articular surface.
Canaliculi: Tiny channels connecting lacunae in bone.

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12
Q

What is the primary function of osteocytes? How are they produced and where are they found?

A

Maintain bone tissue; produced from osteoblasts; found in lacunae.

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13
Q

What are the primary functions of osteoclasts and how are they produced?

A

Bone resorption; formed from monocytes/macrophages.

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14
Q

What are the primary functions of osteoblasts and how are they produced?

A

Bone formation; derived from osteogenic cells.

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15
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

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16
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in bone?

A

Osteocytes.

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17
Q

What are protein-crystal interactions?

A

Interactions between proteins and mineral crystals that provide strength to bone.

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18
Q

Which cartilage prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

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19
Q

Which cells secrete protein fibers in bone?

A

Osteoblasts.

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20
Q

Which layer of bone is interwoven with tendons?

A

Periosteum.

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21
Q

What are perforating fibers, and where can you find them?

A

Fibers that attach tendons/ligaments to bone; found in the periosteum.

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22
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Small, needle-like pieces of bone forming the internal structure of spongy bone.

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23
Q

What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses from many directions?

A

Spongy bone.

24
Q

What are the structural units of mature compact bone?

A

Osteons (Haversian systems).

25
How much weight can the femur withstand without breaking?
About 1,800 pounds.
26
Which bone reduces the weight of the skeleton?
The rib cage (and certain long bones, like the femur).
27
Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as?
Volkmann's canals.
28
Which fibers are stronger than steel when stretched?
Collagen fibers.
29
What is the superficial membrane of a bone called?
Periosteum.
30
What is the process of ossification?
The process by which bone forms from cartilage or other connective tissues.
31
Are there different types of ossification? What are their functions?
Yes, intramembranous (for flat bones) and endochondral (for long bones).
32
What is the process of calcification?
The deposition of calcium salts in tissues, leading to hardening.
33
Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of?
Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate.
34
What is appositional growth?
Growth in width due to the addition of new bone tissue on the surface.
35
What indicates when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone?
Growth has completed; the person has reached maturity.
36
How often is protein and mineral content replaced in normal adult bones?
Every 10 years.
37
What is the process of remodeling?
The continuous process of bone resorption and formation.
38
How does a lack of exercise affect bones?
Leads to decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures.
39
What indicates when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone?
Growth has completed; the person has reached maturity. ## Footnote Example sentence: The closure of the epiphyseal plate is a sign that growth has completed.
40
How often is protein and mineral content replaced in normal adult bones?
Every 10 years. ## Footnote Example sentence: Normal bone remodeling occurs every 10 years.
41
What is the process of remodeling?
The continuous process of bone resorption and formation. ## Footnote Example sentence: Remodeling helps maintain bone strength and structure.
42
How does a lack of exercise affect bones?
Leads to decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures. ## Footnote Example sentence: Sedentary lifestyle can result in weaker bones.
43
What happens when stress is applied to a bone?
Bone adapts by increasing density and strength. ## Footnote Example sentence: Weight-bearing exercises promote bone adaptation.
44
How does gigantism occur?
Excess growth hormone during childhood leads to excessive growth. ## Footnote Example sentence: Gigantism is caused by overproduction of growth hormone.
45
What factors are necessary for proper bone formation?
Adequate calcium, vitamin D, and mechanical stress. ## Footnote Example sentence: Proper nutrition and physical activity support bone formation.
46
Of the total inorganic components in bone, calcium accounts for what percent?
Approximately 40-70%. ## Footnote Example sentence: Calcium is a major component of bone structure.
47
Of the total organic components in bone, most of it is?
Collagen. ## Footnote Example sentence: Collagen provides flexibility and strength to bones.
48
What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?
Calcium. ## Footnote Example sentence: Calcium is essential for bone health and muscle function.
49
What is the role of the hormone calcitonin?
Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity. ## Footnote Example sentence: Calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.
50
What is scurvy, and how can it be prevented?
Vitamin C deficiency leading to weakened collagen; prevent by ensuring adequate vitamin C intake. ## Footnote Example sentence: Scurvy can be prevented by consuming foods rich in vitamin C.
51
How is vitamin D related to calcium homeostasis in bone?
It promotes calcium absorption in the intestines. ## Footnote Example sentence: Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium for bone health.
52
How do external calluses form?
They form during the healing process of a fracture to stabilize the bone. ## Footnote Example sentence: Calluses form to support bone healing and stability.
53
What is a fracture? Define simple, compound, comminuted, compression, Pott’s, Colles, spiral, transverse, and greenstick fractures.
Fracture: Break in a bone. Simple: Bone breaks cleanly, no skin puncture. Compound: Bone breaks and pierces skin. Comminuted: Bone shatters into multiple pieces. Compression: Bone is crushed. Pott’s: Ankle fracture. Colles: Wrist fracture from falling on an outstretched hand. Spiral: Twisting injury causes a fracture. Transverse: Straight across the bone. Greenstick: Incomplete fracture, common in children. ## Footnote Example sentence: Fractures can vary in severity and type, affecting treatment and healing.
54
What effects does aging have on the skeletal system?
Decreased bone density, increased risk of fractures, slower healing. ## Footnote Example sentence: Aging can weaken bones and reduce their ability to heal.
55
Osteogenesis imperfecta vs. osteoporosis vs. osteomalacia vs. osteodysplasia vs. osteopenia.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Genetic disorder causing brittle bones. Osteoporosis: Decreased bone density leading to fragility. Osteomalacia: Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency. Osteodysplasia: Abnormal bone development. Osteopenia: Lower than normal bone density, precursor to osteoporosis. ## Footnote Example sentence: These conditions affect bone health and strength in different ways.

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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