The Basal Ganglia and Movement Disorders

Question 1

What are the structures of the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

Striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

Question 2

What are the primary division of the striatium?

Answer 2

Dorsal and Ventral

Question 3

What are the divisions of the Dorsal striatum?

Answer 3

Caudate and putamen

Question 4

What are the divisions of the ventral striatum?

Answer 4

Nucleus abducens, septum pallucidem and olfactory

Question 5

What are teh primary divisions of the globus pallidus?

Answer 5

External and internal

Question 6

What are the divisions of the internal globus pallidus?

Answer 6

Outer portion and inner portion

Question 7

What are teh priary divisions of the substantia nigra?

Answer 7

Pars compacta and Pars reticulata

Question 8

What is the secondary division of teh pars reticulata?

Answer 8

Parslateralis

Question 9

What is the most common neuron in the basal ganglia?

Answer 9

Medium spiny neurons form most of the connections that exist in the basal ganglia

Question 10

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 10

They are a set of input and output structures

Input= receive direct projections from the cerebral cortex

Output= project back to the cerebral cortex

Question 11

What circuit does the basal ganglia participate in?

Answer 11

Cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit

Question 12

What is the basic circuit of the Cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit?

Answer 12

Cortex —> input (striatum) —> output (pallidum) —-> thalamus —-> cortex

Question 13

What are the 4 loops in the Cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit?

Answer 13

Motor, oculomotor, prefrontal and limbic

Question 14

True/ False: The basal ganglia are involved in “habit learning”

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What neurons in the basal ganglia are most involved in habit learning?

Answer 15

Tonically active neurons

Question 16

What are tonically active neurons?

Answer 16

Giant cholinergic interneurons

Question 17

What type of cells do tonically active neurons act on?

Answer 17

Mediam spinal neurons (and they help shape the activity of these neurons

Question 18

How are Ach release and dopamine related?

Answer 18

Ach release helps stimulate dopamine release

Question 19

Regarding the basal ganglia….which types of cells have Dopamine receptors?

Answer 19

medium spinal neurons

Question 20

Regarding the basal ganglia, what cells release Ach?

Answer 20

Tonically active Neurons)

Question 21

What are two forms of dyskinesia (general)

Answer 21

Hyperkenetic dyskinesia

Hypokinetic dyskinesia

Question 22

What is Hyperkenetic dyskinesia?

Answer 22

an increase of movement due to low levels of BG output (too little break action)

Question 23

What pathological condition is associated with Hyperkenetic dyskinesia?

Answer 23

Huntington’s Dosease, chorea and Sydenham’s Chorea

Question 24

What is Hypokinetic dyskinesia?

Answer 24

a decrease of movement due to high levels of BG output (too much break action)

Question 25

What pathological condition is associated with Hypokinetic dyskinesia?

Answer 25

Parkinson's Disease

Question 26

What is Sydenham's Chorea?

Answer 26

An autoimmune reaction to childhood infection with Group A stretococcus infection

Question 27

What part of the basal ganglia does Sydenham's Chorea usually effect?

Answer 27

Striatum

Question 28

What is huntington's disease classified by?

Answer 28

Rare autosomal dominant disorder with progressive dementia and choriform movements

Question 29

In huntington's which basal ganglia pathway is knocked out? Direct? Indirect?

Answer 29

Indirect (so there basal ganglia has no break system)

Question 30

What is characteristic of Parkinson's disease?

Answer 30

Difficulty initiating movement, slowing and diminished ROM tremor at rest. slow, shuffling gait

Question 31

What neurotransmitter is reduced in parkinson's disease? And what is the result of this loss?

Answer 31

Dopamine (receptros lost too D1 and D2) Leads to a hyperactive break

Question 32

What pathway is knocked out in parkinson's disease? Direct? Indirect?

Answer 32

Direct

Question 33

How is huntington's treated?

Answer 33

Block the direct pathway via antidopinergic and dopamine depleting grugs

Question 34

What is a side effect of long term treatment for Huntington's disease?

Answer 34

Tardive dyskinesia

Question 35

How is parkinson's treated?

Answer 35

L-DOPA (short term), Dopamimetics (longer acting), MAO-B/ COMT inhibitors, anti cholinergics surgical treatment (to cut the break) deep brain stimulation stem cells(but can't regulate dopamine well)

Question 36

What is the side effects of L-DOPA?

Answer 36

Dyskinesia and hallucination

Question 37

After a while, treatment for parkinson's can mimic...

Answer 37

a Huntington's patient