CNS Neurotransmitters (5)

Question 1

What is the precursor for acetylcholine?

Answer 1

acetyl coA + choline

Question 2

What type of receptors does acetylcholine have?

Answer 2

ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 3

What is the function of acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 3

It is a neurotransmitter at NMJs

Question 4

What is the precursor for glutamate?

Answer 4

Glutamine

Question 5

Can glutamate cross the blood brain barrier?

Answer 5

no, but glutamine can

Question 6

What type of receptors does glutamate have?

Answer 6

Ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 7

What is the function of glutamate?

Answer 7

It is a major excitatory transmitter in the brain

Question 8

What is the precursor of GABA?

Answer 8

Glutamic acid

Question 9

What type of receptors does GABA bind to?

Answer 9

Ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 10

Which of these neurotransmitters is removed from the synaptic cleft by an enzyme and NOT by reuptake into terminal and glia?

• Ach
• Glu
• GABA
• Gly
• Dopamine
• NE
• Serotonin

Answer 10

ACh - acetylcholinesterase

Question 11

What is the function of GABA?

Answer 11

Major inhibitory transmitter in brain

Question 12

What is the precursor of glycine?

Answer 12

Serine

Question 13

What type of receptors does glycine bind to?

Answer 13

Ionotropic

Question 14

What is the function of glycine?

Answer 14

Major inhibitory transmitter in spinal cord

Question 15

What is the precursor for dopamine?

Answer 15

Tyrosine

Question 16

What type of neurotransmitters are dopamine and NE?

Answer 16

Catecholamines

Question 17

What type of receptors does dopamine bind to?

Answer 17

Metabotropic

Question 18

What is the function of dopamine?

Answer 18

Coordination of body movements
motivation, reward, reinforcement
emotional behavior

Question 19

What is the precursor for NE?

Answer 19

Tyrosine

Question 20

What type of receptors does NE bind to?

Answer 20

Metabotropic

Question 21

What is the function of NE in the CNS and PNS?

Answer 21

CNS: sleep, wakefulness, attention, feeding behavior

PNS: sympathetic motor system

Question 22

What is the precursor for serotonin?

Answer 22

Tryptophan

Question 23

What type of receptors does serotonin bind to ?

Answer 23

Metabotropic and ionotropic (minor)

Question 24

What is the function of serotonin?

Answer 24

Regulation of sleep, eating

wakefulness and arousal

Question 25

What is myasthenia gravis?

Answer 25

Autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are produced to nicotinic ACh receptors

Question 26

What are the precursors for neuropeptides?

Answer 26

Amino acids in the ER

Question 27

What type of receptors do neuropeptides bind to?

Answer 27

metabotropic

Question 28

How are neuropeptides removed from synaptic cleft?

Answer 28

Peptidases

Question 29

What is the function of neuropeptides?

Answer 29

Modulate emotions perception of pain response to stress

Question 30

Which type of neurotransmitters can respond to increased demand: small molecule or neuropeptides?

Answer 30

Small molecules since they are made in the nerve terminal

Question 31

What does sarin gas do?

Answer 31

It blocks acetylcholinesterase causing spastic paralysis due to continued depolarization

Question 32

What are atropine and scopolamine and what are they used to treat for?

Answer 32

both are antagonists of Ach atropine - pupil dilation scopolamine - motion sickness

Question 33

With which neurotransmitter can exictotoxicity occur and what is this?

Answer 33

Glutamate - high extracellular concentrations toxic to neurons - though to occur in strokes - O2 deprivation slows reuptake

Question 34

Name three ionotropic receptors that glutamate can bind to?

Answer 34

NDMA, AMPA, Kainate

Question 35

What is special about the NMDA receptor?

Answer 35

ca2+ can pass in addition to Na+ ion flow is voltage dependent - mg2+ binding depolarization needs to occur for Mg2+ to move

Question 36

What can result from decreased GABA function?

Answer 36

Epilepsy

Question 37

What are the symptoms of the neonatal disease in which there is excess synaptic glycine due to defects in the glycine transporter?

Answer 37

lethargy and mental retardation

Question 38

What is benzodazepines?

Answer 38

valium is an example - used as tranquilizers - agonists of GABA

Question 39

What is strynchine?

Answer 39

Glycine receptor antagonist - blocks overreactivity in spinal cord and brainstem --> seizures used to poison rodents

Question 40

What type of ions do GABA and Glycine receptors permit?

Answer 40

Cl-

Question 41

What are barbituates?

Answer 41

GABA receptor agonists used as anesthetics to treat epilepsy

Question 42

What are GABA reuptake inhibitors used for?

Answer 42

Treat anxiety and panic disorders

Question 43

How does the expression of biogenic amines compare with the expression of glutamate and GABA?

Answer 43

GABA and glutamate are ubiquitously synthesized their receptors are widely expressed Biogenic amines are limited in synthesis their receptors are broadly expressed allows for controlled specific signals

Question 44

Where is 80% of dopamine found in the brain?

Answer 44

In the corpus striatum | caudate and putamen

Question 45

What is involved in parkinson's disease? How can it be treated?

Answer 45

the neurons which project from substantia nigra to striatum degenerate and dopamine is not sufficiently released can be treated with dopamine precursor - LDOPA

Question 46

What are antagonists of dopamine in the medulla used to treat?

Answer 46

anti-emetics used to treat nausea and vomiting

Question 47

What is the effect of cocaine on neurotransmitter transporters?

Answer 47

It inhibits dopamine transporters leading to a net increase in release of dopamine -addiction

Question 48

What is the effect of amphetamines on neurotransmitter transporters?

Answer 48

They inhibit both dopamine and NE transporters leading to a net increase of both neurotransmitters

Question 49

Where are most the neurons that use serotonin as a neurotransmitter located?

Answer 49

In raphe nuclei in the upper brainstem and project widely to the forebrain

Question 50

Name two types of anti-anxiety drugs

Answer 50

1. MAO inhibitors - block breakdown of biogenic amines | 2. inhibitors of serotonin receptors

Question 51

What do anti-psychotic drugs block?

Answer 51

Dopamine receptors

Question 52

Name the 3 classes of anti-depressants

Answer 52

1. MAO inhibitors 2. tricyclic - block reuptake of NE and serotonin 3. serotonin reuptake inhibitors - prozac