the central dogma of molecular bio

Question 1

what is the central Dogma of molecular bio used to describe what ?

Answer 1

describes the path that genetic info takes in the cell

Question 2

what is a gene

Answer 2

the sequence of dna nucléotides required to tell the cell how to make one type of protein.

Question 3

genome is:

Answer 3

collection of all the gens found in the dna of species

Question 4

Dna nucléotides (atgc) name what the process is ,location and enzyme.

Answer 4

1- transcription
2-nucleus
3-RNA polymerase
*uses the law of complementary base pairs

Question 5

Rna nucléotides (AUCG) name what the process is ,location and enzyme.

Answer 5

1-transcription
2-cytosol and rough endoplasmic reticulum
3- ribosom
*uses genetic code = combos of 3 RNA nucleotides called codons specify each amino acids

Question 6

Proteins what are they made of :

Answer 6

combinations of 20 different amino acids

Question 7

what are the differences between DNA and RNA :

Answer 7

1-nucléotide subunits utilize different sugars (DNA = deoxyribose)(RNA ribose)
2-molecules take on different shapes : (DNA double stranded )(RNA id single stranded)
3- one nucleotide base is different : (DNA= ATCG)(RNA=AUCG)

Question 8

Genetic code : what is the start codon :

Answer 8

AUG
*specifies methionine but also tells the ribosome where to start

Question 9

what are the stop codons

Answer 9

UAA, UAG, and UGA
* tells ribosome where to stop .

Question 10

structure of gene

Answer 10

see page 2 of unit 3

Question 11

DNA: AAATACTTGGCAACT
what is the start and stop codon

Answer 11

RNA : UUUAUGAACCGUUGA

Question 12

Question: What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?
*

Answer 12

Answer: The Central Dogma of molecular biology describes the path that genetic information takes in the cell

Question 13

Question: What is a gene according to the Central Dogma description?
*

Answer 13

Answer: A gene is the sequence of DNA nucleotides required to tell the cell how to make one type of protein

Question 14

Question: What is a genome?

Answer 14

Answer: A genome is a collection of all the genes found in the DNA of a species

Question 15

Question: Describe the process of transcription (DNA to RNA), including location and enzyme.
*

Answer 15

Answer: Transcription is the process from DNA to RNA. It occurs in the Nucleus, uses the enzyme RNA polymerase, and follows the law of complementary base pairs

Question 16

Question: Describe the process of translation (RNA to Protein), including location and enzyme.
*

Answer 16

Answer: Translation is the process from RNA to Protein. It occurs in the Cytosol and rough ER, and uses a ribosome

Question 17

Question: What is a mutation?
*

Answer 17

Answer: A mutation is a change to the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA.

Question 18

Question: Are mutations random?
*

Answer 18

Answer: Yes, mutations are random

Question 19

Question: How do mutations relate to adaptation and evolution?
*

Answer 19

Answer: Mutations allow adaptation to the environment (evolution)

Question 20

Question: Are mutations mostly harmful, neutral, or beneficial?
*

Answer 20

Answer: Mutations are mostly harmful, sometimes neutral, [and] rarely beneficial

Question 21

Question: What are the types of mutations based on the change to the nucleotide sequence?
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Answer 21

Answer: Based on the change to the nucleotide sequence, types of mutations are substitution, deletion, and insertion

Question 22

Question: Describe a substitution mutation.
*

Answer 22

Answer: Substitution is changing one or more nucleotides for the same number of new nucleotides

Question 23

Question: Describe a deletion mutation.
*

Answer 23

Answer: Deletion is when one or more nucleotides is removed from the sequence.

Question 24

Question: Describe an insertion mutation.
*

Answer 24

Answer: Insertion is when one or more nucleotides are added to the sequence.

Question 25

Question: What are the types of mutations based on the effect on the protein's amino acid sequence? *

Answer 25

Answer: Based on the effect on the protein's amino acid sequence, types of mutations are silent mutation, missense mutation, and nonsense mutation

Question 26

Question: What is a silent mutation? *

Answer 26

Answer: A silent mutation is when the amino acid sequence is unchanged.

Question 27

Question: What is a missense mutation? *

Answer 27

Answer: A missense mutation is when the amino acid sequence does change.

Question 28

Question: What is a nonsense mutation? *

Answer 28

Answer: A nonsense mutation is when the mutation creates a premature stop codon

Question 29

Question: What is phenotype? *

Answer 29

Answer: Phenotype is the Observable or measurable characteristic.

Question 30

Question: What is genotype?

Answer 30

Answer: Genotype is the alleles inherited

Question 31

Question: How is phenotype related to genotype and environment? *

Answer 31

Answer: phenotype = genotype + environment

Question 32

Question: What does homozygous mean? *

Answer 32

Answer: Homozygous is when an organism has the same allele of a gene on both homologous chromosomes

Question 33

Question: What does heterozygous mean? *

Answer 33

Answer: Heterozygous is when an organism has two different alleles of a gene.

Question 34

Question: What is the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles? *

Answer 34

Answer: Some alleles are dominant, and they coverup the effects of recessive alleles.

Question 35

Question: What phenotype ratio did Mendel observe in his F2 cross for a single gene? * .

Answer 35

Answer: Mendel's second experiment (F2 cross) showed a 3:1 ratio

Question 36

Question: In the context of inheritance, what does "autosomally" mean?

Answer 36

Answer: "autosomally" means Genes found on autosomes (All chromosomes except sex chromosomes)

Question 37

Question: In the context of inheritance, what does "unlinked" mean for genes?

Answer 37

Answer: "unlinked" means genes found on different types of chromosomes.