The Cerebral Hemispheresebral Hemispheres

Question 1

is the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere sensory or motor?

Answer 1

sensory

Question 2

is the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere sensory or motor?

Answer 2

motor

Question 3

function of the medial portion of the cerebral hemisphere

Answer 3

storage and retrieval of processed information

Question 4

function of the precentral gyrus

Answer 4

Primary Motor cortex – somatotopic representation of contralateral half of body (motor homunculus)

Question 5

function of the inferior frontal gyrus

Answer 5

Broca’s area of motor speech

Question 6

function of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 6

cognitive functions of higher order- intellect,judgement, prediction,planning

Question 7

function of the post central gyrus

Answer 7

Primary sensory area.Recieves general sensations from contralateral half of body. Somatotopic representation (sensory homunculus).

Question 8

function of the superior parietal lobule

Answer 8

Interpretation of general sensory information (sensory association area) and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body.

Question 9

function of the inferior parietal lobule

Answer 9

Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas. In dominant hemisphere, contributes to language functions.

Question 10

what happens when there is a parietal lobe lesion

Answer 10

hemisensory neglect
Right-left agnosia
Acalculia
Agraphia

Question 11

what areas are present in the temporal lobe

Answer 11

Superior Temporal gyrus
Auditory association areas
Inferior surface

Question 12

function of the superior temporal gyrus

Answer 12

Primary auditory cortex areas 41, 42

Question 13

function of the auditory association areas

Answer 13

posterior to 41,42. In dominant hemisphere – Wernicke’s area. Crucial for understanding of spoken word. Has connections with other language areas.

Question 14

function of the inferior surface of the temporal lobe

Answer 14

recieves fibres from olfactory tract – concious appreciation of smell.

Question 15

what is on the medial surface of the occipitl lobe, on either side of the calcarine sulcus?

Answer 15

primary visual cortex

Question 16

what is the majority of the occipital lobe?

Answer 16

visual association cortex, (areas 18,19) concerned with interpretation of visual images.

Question 17

the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere has areas which together form…

Answer 17

functional limbic lobe

Question 18

what is the function of the functional limbic lobe?

Answer 18

involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

Question 19

what does the limbic lobe include?

Answer 19

It includes the cingulate gyrus, the hippocampus (medial aspect of temporal lobe), parahippocampal gyrus, and the amygdala ( subcortical grey matter close to temporal pole)

Question 20

what are the language areas of the brain?

Answer 20

Broca’s area

Wernicke’s area

Question 21

what is the brocas area?

Answer 21

motor speech area

Question 22

what is the wernickes area?

Answer 22

auditory association area necessary for recognition of the spoken word. Is in the dominant hemisphere

Question 23

what is aphasia?

Answer 23

problem with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas in brain.

Question 24

what happens to the brain to someone with brocas aphasia

Answer 24

Understands speech Misses small words Aware of difficulties in speech

Damage to frontal lobe

Weakness/paralysis of one side of body

Question 25

what happens to someone with wernickes aphasia

Answer 25

Fluent speech, with new meaningless words, can’t understand speech, doesn’t know of mistakes Damage to temporal lobe No paralysis

Question 26

what are the three types of myelinated axon fibres bundled into tracts in white matter?

Answer 26

commisural fibres association fibres projection fibres

Question 27

function of commisural fibres

Answer 27

connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres. (Corpus callosum)

Question 28

function of association fibres

Answer 28

connect one part of the cortex with the other. They may be short or long

Question 29

function of prjection fibres

Answer 29

run between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres. They pass through the corona radiata and the internal capsule.

Question 30

what is tractography?

Answer 30

technique that maps functional white matter tracts using data collected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Question 31

what is the internal capsule made up of?

Answer 31

projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex

Question 32

function of the internal capsule

Answer 32

It derives blood supply from the middle cerebral artery and is frequently affected in a stroke.

Question 33

where do the subcortical neuclei lie?

Answer 33

deep within each cerebral hemisphere

Question 34

what is the basal ganglia made up of?

Answer 34

caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

Question 35

regarding basal ganglia: which is the one with the tail?

Answer 35

caudate

Question 36

regarding basal ganglia: what texture does the putamen have?

Answer 36

has a hard shell

Question 37

regarding basal ganglia: what is the one with a pale globe?

Answer 37

Globus pallidus

Question 38

regarding basal ganglia: The hard shell + the globe form a lens like structure. WHat is this called?

Answer 38

Lentiform nucleus

Question 39

regarding basal ganglia: what is the black substance?

Answer 39

Substantia nigra (this lies in the midbrain!)

Question 40

what is lateral to the internal capsule?

Answer 40

lentiform nucleus made up of the putamen laterally and globus pallidus medially.

Question 41

what is lying in the wall of the lateral ventricle?

Answer 41

caudate nucleus

Question 42

what is lying beside the third ventricle?

Answer 42

thalamus (diencephalon)

Question 43

what is lateral to the caudate and thalamus?

Answer 43

internal capsule

Question 44

what is lateral to the internal capsule?

Answer 44

lentiform nucleus made up of the globus pallidus medially and putamen laterally

Question 45

what are the input regions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 45

caudate nucleus and the putamen are the ‘input regions’ receiving input from the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and from thalamus.

Question 46

what are the output regions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 46

globus pallidus and the substantia nigra.

Question 47

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 47

help regulate initiation and termination of movements. | Because they play a role in controlling the motor system they are often referred to as the “extrapyramidal system