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Biology > The Defence System > Flashcards

The Defence System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing organism

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2
Q

Examples of pathogenic organisms include…

A

Some bacteria, fungi and viruses

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3
Q

Two lines of defence

A
  • The general defence system

* The specific defence system

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4
Q

Antibodies are part of what system?

A

Specific defence system

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5
Q

What is part of the general defence system?

A 
Skin
Mucus
Chemicals
White blood cells
Platelets
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6
Q

What is an antigen?

A

An antigen is a ‘foreign’ substance that causes a white blood cell to produce an antibody

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7
Q

Where are antigens found?

A

Antigens are found on the surface of pathogens and transplanted organs (eg. heart)

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8
Q

Where are antigens found?

A

On the surface of pathogens and transplanted organs

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9
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A lymphocyte produces antibodies which attach to specific antigens

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10
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein made by white blood cells (lymphocyte) that recognises and attaches to specific antigen

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11
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

A monocyte engulfs a pathogen and destroys it

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12
Q

What is the process in which monocytes engulf pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis

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13
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Memory cells are made by your body when you make antibodies

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14
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

Memory cells speed up the response time when an invader of the same type returns in the future

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15
Q

What is immunity

A

Immunity is the protection against infection

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16
Q

What is induced immunity?

A

Induced immunity is protection against infection using antibodies

17
Q

What are the two types of induced immunity

A

1) Active induced immunity

2) Passive induced immunity

18
Q

What is active induced immunity

A
  • you make the antibodies and the memory cells
  • Can be natural (made during infection)
  • Can be artificial (vaccination)
  • Long-term
19
Q

What is passive induced immunity

A
  • antibodies given to you (you do not make antibodies or memory cells)
  • short-term
  • Natural (given to a child in the womb before birth or in breast milk after birth)
  • Artificial (given by injection of antibodies example antitetanus)
20
Q

What is immunisation

A

Immunisation involves giving a person a vaccination or an injection of antibodies to protect against infection

21
Q

What is a vaccination

A

A vaccine is a dead or damaged pathogen that triggers antibody production

22
Q

How do vaccinations work

A

Vaccination tricks lymphocytes into producing antibodies and memory cells so that if the real pathogen attacks in the future antibodies are produced very quickly to destroy it before It can do damage

23
Q

How does the general defence system fight fever

A
  • High temperatures denature enzymes in the pathogen

- The pathogen dies

24
Q

Where are b-lymphocytes produced

A

In the bone marrow

25
Q

What is the function of b-lymphocytes

A

To produce antibodies

26
Q

Where are T-lymphocyte produced

A

In the bone marrow

27
Q

Four types of T cells

A

Helper T cells
killer T cells
suppressor T cells
memory T cells

28
Q

Function of helper T cells

A

Trigger the production of b cells and killer T cells

29
Q

Function of killer T cells

A

They destroy

  • virus infected cells
  • tumour cells (cancer)
  • foreign cells (this is why transplants are rejected)
30
Q

Function of suppressor T cells

A

They switch off the immune response after the antigen (pathogen) has been destroyed

31
Q

Function of memory T-cells

A

These remember the antigens

32
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

1) rheumatoid arthritis (where joints are attacked)
2) Multiple sclerosis MS (where the myelin sheet of nerve cells is attacked)
3) Psoriasis (where the skin is attacked)

33
Q

What are allergies

A

Allergies occur when antibodies are made against material that should not be antigenic

34
Q

Example of allergies

A

Hayfever (the body reacts to pollen which is harmless)

Biology (24 decks)

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