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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Anabolism

A
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2
Q

Catabolism

A
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3
Q

Monomer

A
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4
Q

Polymer

A
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5
Q

What is the relationship between polysaccharides and polymers?

A

A polysaccharide is a polymer
starch, for example, is a polysaccharide

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6
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A
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7
Q

What monomer(s) makes up polysaccharides? (monosaccharides)

A

glucose
fructose

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8
Q

What two molecules make up fats

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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9
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated fats

A
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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Catabolism; water breaks down molecules with the help of digestive enzymes

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11
Q

amylase

A

breaks down starch into sugar

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12
Q

protease

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

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13
Q

lipase

A

break down fats

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14
Q

nuclease

A
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15
Q

The ducts which carry bile from the liver are called

A

The left and right hepatic duct, which join to make the common hepatic duct

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16
Q

The duct which attaches to the common hepatic duct from the gall bladder is called the

A

Cystic duct

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17
Q

After the cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct what duct is formed

A

The common bile duct

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18
Q

The function of the pancreatic duct is

A

It carries digestive juices. The pancreatic duct meets the common bile duct in the duodenum at the ampulla of vater

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19
Q

The ampulla of Vater

A

Where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct converge

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20
Q

The salivary gland located below and just in front of each ear

A

The parotid gland (pa-rotted)

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21
Q

The salivary gland located nearest to beneath the tongue

A

The sublingual gland

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22
Q

The salivary gland located nearest to the lower jaw

A

The submandibular gland

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23
Q

The sphincter located between the duodenum and the stomach

A

the pyloric sphincter

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24
Q

The sphincter located between the esophagus and the stomach

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A

The lower esophageal sphincter (commonly known as the cardiac sphincter)

25
Polysaccharides
A polymer made up of the monomer "monosaccharide". Three main types of polysaccharide Starch - Energy storage for plants, good energy for humans Cellulose - Makes up plant walls. Indigestible by humans, important fibre for the large intestine. Glycogen - a short term energy storage technique in humans
26
What two types of glands produce enzymes
those with and without ducts
27
Two glands with ducts
pancreas and salivary glands
28
Enzymes use this type of reaction
hydrolysis
29
What two acids make up fats
Glycerol and Fatty acids
30
Breaking down food manually (teeth)
Mastication
31
This type of fat is associated with health issues
Saturated fat
32
Proteins are made up of
Amino acid monomers
33
5 Roles of Fats
cushioning for organs insulation for the body surrounds nerve and increases signal transmission A source of energy for the body Makes up cell membranes
34
5 Roles of proteins
Cell surface markers Enzymes for reactions Structure in the body Hormones Transport channels in membranes
35
Primary role of carbohydrates
Energy source
36
Primary role of proteins
"Building" material of the body. Enzymes to control reactions
37
Primary role of fats
Long term energy storage
38
Role of vitamins
Important in immunity Act as coenzymes
39
Minerals
Inorganic material (Ca, K.) Help with cartilage/bones, nerve signal transmission, and muscle contraction
40
Water
Chemical dissolve to provide right environment for chemical reactions Provides environment for cellular life
41
Amylase is produced by
The salivary glands and the pancreas
42
Amylase breaks down polysaccharides into
Disaccharides: Maltose, lactose, sucrose
43
Disaccharides are further broken down into monosaccharides in the SI by
Maltase, lactase, and sucrase (released in the small intestine)
44
Polypeptides are broken down into amino acids by
Pepsin in the stomach Trypsin in the small intestine
45
Fats are broken down by _____ into _____
lipases into fatty acids and glycerol
46
The esophagus is made up of these two types of muscle
Circular and longitudinal muscle. These muscles are functional in peristalsis, aiding in moving food through the digestive system.
47
Cardiac sphincter
At the base of the esophagus and start of the stomach. Prevents stomach fluids from travelling backwards unless under special circumstances.
48
Pyloric sphincter
Controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine
49
How many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have?
Three layers. Longitudinal outer layer, circular middle layer, and another circular muscle layer
50
Stomach is lined with gastric glands
Secrete gastric juices which break down food chemically
51
The jejunum
Has more folds and intestinal glands than the duodenum, as well as villi. This is where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place.
52
Appendix
Attached to the cecum; may help fight bacterial infection and house beneficial bacteria.
53
Rugae
These increase the surface area of the stomach and allow the stomach to expand when more food is ingested
54
How does absorption meet the rate of the cell
The length of the intestine Many folds Villi Microvilli
55
Central lacteal
An extension of the lymph vessel absorbs nutrients like fats
56
Lymph vessels
Part of the circulatory system. Carries mostly plasma and WBC
57
Goblet cell
Main job is secreting mucus Mucus lines and protects the walls of the S.I.
58
Absorptive cell
Absorbs food particles Golgi apparatus and ER help transport Microvilli on the exterior increase surface area for absorption
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