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The digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

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2
Q

Two methods of digestion

A

Mechanical and Chemical

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3
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Physical digestion of breaking down large peices of food into smaller ones

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4
Q

Another word for chewing

A

Masticate

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5
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Procces of using enzymes to hydrolysed/breakdown macromolecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed

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6
Q

The tongue

A

contains skeletal muscles and taste buds

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7
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary control

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8
Q

Roof

A

Hard palate and soft palate

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9
Q

Hard palate

A

Anterior, and contains several bones

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10
Q

Soft palate

A

Posterior, made of smooth muscle, and contains the uvula and tonsils

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11
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary control

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12
Q

Uvula

A

finger like projections at back of mouth

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13
Q

Tonsils

A

Helps protect body from infections

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14
Q

Salivary glands

A

Three types of salivary glands

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15
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Digestion of starch and glycogen into maltose

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16
Q

The two divisions of tooth

A

Crown and root

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17
Q

Main parts of the teeth

A

Enamel, dentin and pulp

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18
Q

What does the soft palate close off

A

The nasopharynx

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19
Q

what does the epiglottis close off

A

the trachea

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20
Q

This is collapsed when swallowing

A

Espophagus

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21
Q

rhythmic contractions that pushes bolus along the digestive tract

A

Peristalsis

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22
Q

Masticated food

A

Bolus

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23
Q

what mixes bolus with gastric juices in the stomach

A

Three layers of muscle

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24
Q

Gastric glands

A

found in stomachs inner lining and are able to secrete gastric juices

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25
What do gastric juices contain
Pepsinogen, HCl and mucus
26
pH level of stomach
2
27
How long is the s.i.
7 meters long in total
28
What is the main purpose of the small intestines
to absorb nutrients that will be transported around the body
29
What do villus contain?
A capillary network. (Supplies blood for intestines and helps with absorption) And lacteal (absorbs fat from s.i.)
30
How long is the duodenum
25 cm
31
Purpose of the duodenum
receives bile and pancreatic juices
32
Pancreatic juices purpose
contains digestive enzymes that help digest nutrients
33
Jejunum difference from duodenum
Has more villi and microvilli, folds and secretory glands
34
How long is the ileum
3 m long
35
Difference of ileum to jejenum
contains less villi and microvilli
36
How long is the large intestine
1.5 meters
37
Purpose of the large intestine
absorbs water, salts and some vitamins. It also stores undigestded material from small intestines.
38
A thin tissue found in outer layer of body and canals lining
Epithelium
39
Hollow structures are also referred to as
Lumen space
40
cells that are able to produce enzymes
Glandular epithelial cells
41
Cells that produce mucus
Goblet cells
42
Loose connective tissue
submucosa
43
Consists of two layers of smooth muscle
Muscularis layers
44
longitudinal muscularis layer
outer layer that runs along the length of the digestive tract
45
Circular muscularis layer
runs along circumference of digestive tract
46
Purpose of serosa
Secretes fluid (serous fluid) to reduce friction
47
Pancreas endocrine function
Regulates glucose in blood using insulin (decreases) and glucagon (increase)
48
Pancreas exocrine function
uses enzymes to digest macromolecules
49
Sodium Bicarbonate
Neutralizes chyme
50
pancreatic amylase
digests starch and glycogen
51
Trypsin
Protein digestion (Peptide to small peptide)
52
Nucleases
Nucleic acids digestion (Nucleic acid to nucleotides)
53
Lipase
Fat digestion (lipids to fatty acids and glycerol)
54
Largest gland in the body
Liver
55
Found in liver
Lobules
56
Found in lobules
Triads
57
Examples of triads
a bile duct, a branch of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
58
Functions of the liver
Detoxifies, removes and stores iron and vitamins, makes plasma proteins regulates cholesterol and glucose, and produces bile.
59
How does the liver regulate glucose?
Stores excess glucose as glycogen and when needed is broken back down to glucose
60
Types of bile contained in the bile
Bilirubin and bile salts
61
What is billirubin
a chemical produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin
62
What are bile salts
Come from cholesterol and emulsify fat
63
How do bile salts emulsify fats
coating fats in negative charges so that they can repel during hydrolysis.
64
What is the purpose of the hepatic portal systems
It is a circulatory pathway that directs blood from the digestive organs to the liver, so that the blood is detoxified and can properly metabolize and absorb nutrients and toxins.
65
The process of blood moving in hepatic portal systems
Starts in the small intestines which absorb monomers .These nutrients travel in the hepatic portal vein to the liver where it is monitored. The blood then goes to the general circulation of blood through hepatic veins and into the vena cava.
66
Gall bladder
Bile is stored and is secreted to common bile duct. Can form crystals and become gallstones
67
What does the liver store and remove?
iron and vitamins-A, D, E, K and B12
68
what color is bilirubin
Greenish colour
69
What does the bile duct do with bile
Bile is secreted through common bile duct into the duodenum
70
the four accessory organs
Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and salivary glands
71
What do gallstones consist of?
Cholesterol, salt or billirubin.
72
What does the submucosa contain
Blood vessels and lymph nodules
73
Definition of Nutrition
Science of foods and nutrients
74
Nutrient
Builds polymers and component of food that performs physiological function
75
Example of nutrients
Macronutrients:Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Micronutrients:Vitamins and minerals Water:Water bc all of our cellls are 70-80% water.
76
diiference between minerals and vitamins
Minerals are found on the periodic table Vitamins are your letters...
77
A group of enzymes that are produces from the small intestine and break down glucose
Carbohydrases
78
3 types carbohydrase enzymes
Sucrase, maltase, lactase
79
A group of enzyme that break down proteins
Proteases
80
3 types of proteases
Pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin
81
Where is pepsin originated from and where is it active
Originated from the stomach and is active in the stomach
82
what breaks down peptides into amino acids (enzyme)
Peptidases
83
Where is peptidases origin and active site?
Originated from pancrease AND small instestine (it is the only one on the table that comes from two organs) . Its active site is in the small intestine.
84
What breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Nucleases
85
Orgin and active site of nucleases enzymes
Originated from pancreas and is active in small intestine
86
breaks down nucleotides into a bases, phosphate and pentose sugar.
Nucleosidases
87

Biology (6 decks)

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