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The endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is The endocrine system

A

it’s composed of ductless glands which produce hormones
* Hormones control and affect many body functions and organs as well as behavior
* Each gland produces specific hormones

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2
Q

what are Hormones

A
  • Hormones are chemical messengers
  • Secreted into the blood by a particular gland
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3
Q

types of hormones

A
  • Some hormones are made of protein (insulin)
  • Some hormones are steroids (adrenocorticoid hormones)
  • Others are glycoproteins (FSH, LH, TSH)
  • Or derivatives of single amino acids (T4 and T3)
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4
Q

why hormone affect only some cell

A

because They affect only the cells which
have receptors for that
hormone

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5
Q

what is Endocrine glands

A
  • Ductless gland
  • Produces hormones
  • Hormones travel straight to the bloodstream from the gland
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6
Q

Role of hormones

A

Affect the behaviour and function of different areas of the body E.g.
* Correct growth
* Changes during puberty
* Menstrual cycle
* Pregnancy
* The menopause
* Response to stress and danger
* Proper functioning of the kidneys and digestive system

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7
Q

Hormone release

A
  • The release of a hormone in response to another hormone or chemical being present in the blood is controlled by a negative feedback loop
  • A decrease in the amount of metabolite results in the secretion of less hormone and vice versa
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8
Q

what is the Pituitary gland

A
  • Located at the base of the brain
  • Closely connected to the hypothalamus
  • Anterior and posterior lobes
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9
Q

what are the hormones controlled by Anterior pituitary

A

1-Human growth hormone (HGH)
2-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
3-Thyrotrophin (TSH)
4-Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)
5-Prolactin/lactogenic hormone
6-Lutenising hormone (LH)/Interstitial cellstimulating hormone (ICSH)
7-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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10
Q

what is Human growth hormone (HGH) responsible for

A

Regulates height and growth
Hypersecretion = gigantishm
Hyposecretion = dwarfism

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11
Q

what is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) responsible for

A

Stimulates production of melanin in basal layer of the skin

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12
Q

what is Thyrotrophin (TSH) responsible for

A

Controls thyroid gland

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13
Q

what is Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) responsible for

A

Controls adrenal cortex

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14
Q

what is Prolactin/lactogenic hormone responsible for

A

Production of milk during lactation

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15
Q

what is Lutenising hormone (LH)/Interstitial cellstimulating hormone (ICSH) responsible for

A

1-Stimulates ovaries to produce the corpus luteum and progesterone
2-Stimulates sperm production

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16
Q

what is Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) responsible for

A

Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen and stimulates sperm production

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17
Q

what does Posterior pituitary secret

A

1-Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin (ADH)
2-Oxytocin

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18
Q

what is Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin (ADH) responsible for

Study These Flashcards
A

Regulation of water absorption in the kidneys
Hyposecretion = diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion = oedema

19
Q

what is Oxytocin responsible for

Study These Flashcards
A

1-Contracts mammary glands when suckling begins to release milk
2-Contraction of uterine muscles to during childbirth

20
Q

what is Thyroid gland

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Located in the neck
  • Composed of the left an right lobe
  • Secrete thyroxine and
    triiodothymine in response to TSH
    from the anterior pituitary
  • Secretes calcitonin
21
Q

what does the thyroxine and triiodothymine do

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Stimulate tissue metabolism and maintains BMR
22
Q

function of calcitonin

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Maintenance of calcium and phosphorous balance
23
Q

what is Parathyroid glands

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 4 glands located in the neck
  • Secrete parathormone
24
Q

parathormone function

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Maintains calcium levels in the plasma
  • Stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
  • Activates vitamin D
25
what is Adrenal glands
* Located on top of each kidney * Divided into the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
26
hormones that Adrenal cortex produced
1-Mineralocorticoids – Aldosterone 2-Glucocorticoids – Cortisol and cortisone
27
function of Glucocorticoids – Cortisol and cortisone
* Produced in response to ACTH * Metabolises carbohydrates, fats and proteins * Hypersecretion - Cushing’s syndrome
28
function of Mineralocorticoids – Aldosterone
* Regulates salts in the body * Hypersecretion – kidney failure, high blood pressure * Hyposecretion – Addison’s disease, muscular atrophy and weakness
29
Adrenal androgens
: male sex hormones mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone * All have weak effects, but play a role in early development of the male sex organs in childhood, and female body hair during puberty * Oestrogen is a female sex hormone. It controls female reproduction and sexual development, including the development of female characteristics such as the growth of breasts
30
Adrenal medulla functions
* Functions to support the sympathetic nervous system * Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline * Known as the stress hormones * Prepare the body for fight or flight * Speed up heart rate and slow down digestive and urinary systems * Increases blood pressure and blood sugar level * Adrenaline is a powerful vasoconstrictor
31
Pancreas secrets
* Insulin - Secreted by beta cells - Responsible for allowing glucose in the blood to enter the cells * Glucagon -Secreted by alpha cells - Prevents blood glucose levels dropping too low - Stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose
32
what are Ovaries
* Located either side of the uterus * Secrete oestrogen and progesterone * Responsible for female sexual characteristics * Malfunctions can lead to polycystic ovarian syndrome
33
what are Testes
* Located within the scrotum, behind the penis * Secrete testosterone * Responsible for male sexual characteristics and sperm production * Hypersecretion in females can leave to amenorrhoea
34
what is the Pineal body
* Pea shaped gland located in the centre of the brain * Secretes melatonin * Controls body rhythms associated with natural periods of light and darkness e.g. sleep patterns * Malfunctions – jet lag feeling, depression
35
what is Thymus
* Located in the thorax behind the sternum * Part of both the lymphatic and endocrine systems * Secretes Thymic factor (TF), Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymosine and Thymopoietin * It is part of the immune system * Appears to promote development of T lymphocytes * Malfunction leads to lowered immunity and/or stress
36
what happens to thymus After puberty
the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat
37
the thymus cycle
1-Thymus Before birth and throughout childhood, the thymus is instrumental in the production and maturation of Tlymphocytes 2-Once you reach puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. 3-By age 75, the thymus is little more than fatty tissue
38
Diabetes Mellitus have 2 types
* Type 1 - Insulin dependent; Juvenile onset * Type 2 - Insulin resistant; Adult onset
39
what is Diabetes Mellitus
* Metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time.
40
the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus is
type 1 doesn't produce insulin but type 2 does but inefficiently
41
what is Graves disease
* An autoimmune disease * Causes hyperthyroidism/overactive thyroid * Immune system attacks the thyroid causing it to produce more thyroid hormone than required * Usually affects people between ages 30-50 * More common in women
42
what are Graves disease - symptoms
* Fast and irregular heartbeat * Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea * Enlargement of the thyroid gland * Change in menstrual cycles * Heat intolerance * Bulging eyes * Nervousness or irritability * Tiredness or muscle weakness * Trembling hands * Trouble sleeping * Weight loss
43
what is Myxoedema
* Caused by severe hypothyroidism * Characterised by thickening of the skin and laboured speech * Can also lead to low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels in the blood * Causes include: * Surgical removal of the thyroid * Medications that affect the hormone system, such as some for cancer treatment * Radiation therapy to treat cancer
44
what is Acromegaly
* Enlargement of bones and hands, feet and face * Often accompanied by headache, muscle pain and emotional disturbances * Caused by overproduction of growth hormone

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