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The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is The endocrine system

A

it’s composed of ductless glands which produce hormones
* Hormones control and affect many body functions and organs as well as behavior
* Each gland produces specific hormones

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2
Q

what are Hormones

A
  • Hormones are chemical messengers
  • Secreted into the blood by a particular gland
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3
Q

types of hormones

A
  • Some hormones are made of protein (insulin)
  • Some hormones are steroids (adrenocorticoid hormones)
  • Others are glycoproteins (FSH, LH, TSH)
  • Or derivatives of single amino acids (T4 and T3)
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4
Q

why hormone affect only some cell

A

because They affect only the cells which
have receptors for that
hormone

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5
Q

what is Endocrine glands

A
  • Ductless gland
  • Produces hormones
  • Hormones travel straight to the bloodstream from the gland
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6
Q

Role of hormones

A

Affect the behaviour and function of different areas of the body E.g.
* Correct growth
* Changes during puberty
* Menstrual cycle
* Pregnancy
* The menopause
* Response to stress and danger
* Proper functioning of the kidneys and digestive system

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7
Q

Hormone release

A
  • The release of a hormone in response to another hormone or chemical being present in the blood is controlled by a negative feedback loop
  • A decrease in the amount of metabolite results in the secretion of less hormone and vice versa
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8
Q

what is the Pituitary gland

A
  • Located at the base of the brain
  • Closely connected to the hypothalamus
  • Anterior and posterior lobes
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9
Q

what are the hormones controlled by Anterior pituitary

A

1-Human growth hormone (HGH)
2-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
3-Thyrotrophin (TSH)
4-Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)
5-Prolactin/lactogenic hormone
6-Lutenising hormone (LH)/Interstitial cellstimulating hormone (ICSH)
7-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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10
Q

what is Human growth hormone (HGH) responsible for

A

Regulates height and growth
Hypersecretion = gigantishm
Hyposecretion = dwarfism

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11
Q

what is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) responsible for

A

Stimulates production of melanin in basal layer of the skin

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12
Q

what is Thyrotrophin (TSH) responsible for

A

Controls thyroid gland

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13
Q

what is Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) responsible for

A

Controls adrenal cortex

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14
Q

what is Prolactin/lactogenic hormone responsible for

A

Production of milk during lactation

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15
Q

what is Lutenising hormone (LH)/Interstitial cellstimulating hormone (ICSH) responsible for

A

1-Stimulates ovaries to produce the corpus luteum and progesterone
2-Stimulates sperm production

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16
Q

what is Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) responsible for

A

Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen and stimulates sperm production

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17
Q

what does Posterior pituitary secret

A

1-Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin (ADH)
2-Oxytocin

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18
Q

what is Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin (ADH) responsible for

A

Regulation of water absorption in the kidneys
Hyposecretion = diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion = oedema

19
Q

what is Oxytocin responsible for

A

1-Contracts mammary glands when suckling begins to release milk
2-Contraction of uterine muscles to during childbirth

20
Q

what is Thyroid gland

A
  • Located in the neck
  • Composed of the left an right lobe
  • Secrete thyroxine and
    triiodothymine in response to TSH
    from the anterior pituitary
  • Secretes calcitonin
21
Q

what does the thyroxine and triiodothymine do

A
  • Stimulate tissue metabolism and maintains BMR
22
Q

function of calcitonin

A
  • Maintenance of calcium and phosphorous balance
23
Q

what is Parathyroid glands

A
  • 4 glands located in the neck
  • Secrete parathormone
24
Q

parathormone function

A
  • Maintains calcium levels in the plasma
  • Stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
  • Activates vitamin D
25
Q

what is Adrenal glands

A
  • Located on top of each kidney
  • Divided into the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
26
Q

hormones that Adrenal cortex produced

A

1-Mineralocorticoids – Aldosterone
2-Glucocorticoids – Cortisol and cortisone

27
Q

function of Glucocorticoids – Cortisol and cortisone

A
  • Produced in response to ACTH
  • Metabolises carbohydrates, fats and proteins
  • Hypersecretion - Cushing’s syndrome
28
Q

function of Mineralocorticoids – Aldosterone

A
  • Regulates salts in the body
  • Hypersecretion – kidney failure, high blood pressure
  • Hyposecretion – Addison’s disease, muscular atrophy and weakness
29
Q

Adrenal androgens

A

: male sex hormones mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone * All have weak effects, but play a role in early development of the male sex organs in childhood, and female body hair during puberty

  • Oestrogen is a female sex hormone. It controls female reproduction and sexual development, including the development of female characteristics such as the growth of breasts
30
Q

Adrenal medulla functions

A
  • Functions to support the sympathetic nervous system
  • Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • Known as the stress hormones
  • Prepare the body for fight or flight
  • Speed up heart rate and slow down digestive and urinary systems
  • Increases blood pressure and blood sugar level
  • Adrenaline is a powerful vasoconstrictor
31
Q

Pancreas secrets

A
  • Insulin
  • Secreted by beta cells
  • Responsible for allowing glucose in the blood to enter the cells
  • Glucagon
    -Secreted by alpha cells
  • Prevents blood glucose levels dropping too low
  • Stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose
32
Q

what are Ovaries

A
  • Located either side of the uterus
  • Secrete oestrogen and progesterone
  • Responsible for female sexual characteristics
  • Malfunctions can lead to polycystic ovarian
    syndrome
33
Q

what are Testes

A
  • Located within the scrotum, behind the penis
  • Secrete testosterone
  • Responsible for male sexual characteristics and sperm production
  • Hypersecretion in females can leave to amenorrhoea
34
Q

what is the Pineal body

A
  • Pea shaped gland located in the centre of the brain
  • Secretes melatonin
  • Controls body rhythms associated with natural periods of light and darkness e.g. sleep patterns
  • Malfunctions – jet lag feeling, depression
35
Q

what is Thymus

A
  • Located in the thorax behind the sternum
  • Part of both the lymphatic and endocrine systems
  • Secretes Thymic factor (TF), Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymosine and Thymopoietin
  • It is part of the immune system * Appears to promote development of T lymphocytes
  • Malfunction leads to lowered immunity and/or stress
36
Q

what happens to thymus After puberty

A

the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat

37
Q

the thymus cycle

A

1-Thymus Before birth and throughout childhood, the thymus is instrumental in the production and maturation of Tlymphocytes
2-Once you reach puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat.
3-By age 75, the thymus is little more than fatty tissue

38
Q

Diabetes Mellitus have 2 types

A
  • Type 1 - Insulin dependent; Juvenile onset
  • Type 2 - Insulin resistant; Adult onset
39
Q

what is Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time.
40
Q

the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus is

A

type 1 doesn’t produce insulin but type 2 does but inefficiently

41
Q

what is Graves disease

A
  • An autoimmune disease
  • Causes hyperthyroidism/overactive thyroid
  • Immune system attacks the thyroid causing it to produce more thyroid hormone than required
  • Usually affects people between ages 30-50
  • More common in women
42
Q

what are Graves disease - symptoms

A
  • Fast and irregular heartbeat
  • Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
  • Enlargement of the thyroid gland
  • Change in menstrual cycles
  • Heat intolerance
  • Bulging eyes
  • Nervousness or irritability
  • Tiredness or muscle weakness
  • Trembling hands
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Weight loss
43
Q

what is Myxoedema

A
  • Caused by severe hypothyroidism
  • Characterised by thickening of the skin and laboured speech
  • Can also lead to low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels in the blood
  • Causes include:
  • Surgical removal of the thyroid
  • Medications that affect the hormone system, such as some for cancer treatment
  • Radiation therapy to treat cancer
44
Q

what is Acromegaly

A
  • Enlargement of bones and hands, feet and face
  • Often accompanied by headache, muscle pain and emotional disturbances
  • Caused by overproduction of growth hormone

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