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The reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the organs of The reproductive system in men?

A

the prostate gland/testes/testicular vessels/penis/scrotum

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2
Q

what are the organs of The reproductive system in women

A

the ovaries/fallopian tubes/uterus/cervix, vagina/labia

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3
Q

what is the bony cavity which protects the organs

A

the pelvic girdle

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4
Q

why The male reproductive system is More visible than the female system

A

because more of the organs lie outside the body

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5
Q

function of The pelvic girdle

A

The pelvic girdle forms a protective basin for the reproductive organs

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6
Q

why the pelvic girdle t is wider in women

A

to allow for the passage of the baby during childbirth

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

the structure of The Pelvic girdle

A

A ring-like bony structure, located in the lower part of the trunk.
* Consists of a pair of coxal bones (os coxae, hip bones)
* Each of which contains three fused bones: * the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
* Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the pelvic girdle forms a bowl‐shaped region, the pelvis

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9
Q

the function of The Pelvic girdle

A
  • Protects internal reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the lower part of the digestive tract.
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10
Q

what does The Pelvic girdle connect and what does it support

A
  • It connects the axial skeleton to the lower limbs.
  • It supports the spine
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11
Q

what is the The prostate gland

A

A small gland Located between the
bladder and the rectum and Surrounds the beginning of the urethra

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12
Q

the function of The prostate gland

A

*Produces two secretions carried in semen
*Makeup 30% of the bulk of semen
*Secretes fluid with citric acid, calcium, and coagulation proteins
*Secretes fibrinolysin
*The prostatic fluid protects sperm

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13
Q

what is The seminal fluid

A

Seminal fluid is a fluid found in the seminal vesicles that makes up 60% of semen volume

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14
Q

what does The seminal fluid contain

A
  • Contains fructose for ATP production by sperm
  • Contains prostaglandins for sperm activation
  • Contains mucus
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15
Q

The seminal fluid is an alkaline, why

A

to neutralize the acid in the tracts

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16
Q

what is The testes

A

The primary reproductive organ
Two paired oval glands contained within a sac of skin and muscle - scrotum
They develop in the abdomen before descending into the scrotum before birth

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17
Q

where does The testes develop

A

They develop in the abdomen before descending into the scrotum before birth

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18
Q

what are the Two compartments within the testes

A
  1. Seminiferous Tubules
    * site of sperm production (spermatogenesis)
  2. Interstitial Tissue
    * Contain Leydig cells
    * Produce androgens (testosterone)
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19
Q

what are the hormones that the testes produce

A

spermatozoa and testosterone

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20
Q

what are the types of Testicular vessels and what is the difference between them

A

Epididymis
* Lightly coiled tube
* Transports and stores sperm
Vas deferens
* Long muscular tube
* Transports mature sperm to the urethra during sexual activity

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21
Q

what is the Scrotum

A
  • A sac that contains the testes
  • A membrane divides it into 2 halves
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22
Q

the importance of the Scrotum

A
  • Supports and protects the testes
  • Maintains the testes at the correct temperature for sperm development
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23
Q

what is The penis

A
  • The main male external sex organ
  • Contains 3 bodies of spongy erectile tissue bodies, foreskin and urethra
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24
Q

Spongy tissue is full of

A
  • Spongy tissue is full of blood vessels
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25
Q

what is Foreskin importance

A
  • Foreskin protects the glans
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26
Q

what causes The erection and what is it importance

A

the erection is caused by an increase in blood flow in the blood vessels of the spongy tissue
This allows penetration into the vagina and semen delivery during intercourse

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27
Q

what dose the Sperm consist of and what is there importance

A

Consist of a head, middle section and a tail
*The tail helps to propel the sperm along the vagina and into the uterus
* The head is the nucleus with 23 chromosomes – haploid
* The tail is a flagellum
* The middle section contains mitochondria

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28
Q

how does the sperm fertilise the ovum

A

by inserting its head into the ovum and the tail still outside

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29
Q

where is The female reproductive system

A

Hidden inside the body apart from the entrance to the vagina and the vulva

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30
Q

where does the sex Organs contained

A

within the pelvic girdle

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31
Q

where does the uterus open into and where does it lead to

A

the fallopian tubes
which lead to the ovaries

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32
Q

what does At the cervix it opens into

A

the vagina and forms the birth canal

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33
Q

what is the The uterus

A
  • It is a muscular and hollow organ
  • Shaped like an inverted pear
  • Sits at right angles to the vagina
  • Fallopian tubes extend laterally and end in a fringe * 7.cm long and 5cm wide
  • Expands during pregnancy to accommodate the foetus
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34
Q

what are the Uterine layers

A

Perimetrium
* Outer layer of connective tissue
Myometrium
* Middle smooth muscle layer
Endometrium
* Inner lining with many blood vessels, glands
* Site of implantation/gestation

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35
Q

what is The cervix

A
  • The narrow neck of the uterus
  • Opens into the vagina
  • Usually the width of a pencil
  • Widens during childbirth
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36
Q

what is The ovaries

A
  • Glands positioned either side of the uterus
  • Secrete oestrogen and progesterone
  • Store ova (still primary oocytes)
  • Primary oocytes are formed before birth and found in follicles
  • After puberty, every month, one of these follicles develops and ruptures releasing a secondary oocyte
  • Ovulation
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37
Q

Primary oocytes are contained where

A

within primary follicles that have one layer of cells

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38
Q

The menstrual cycle phases

A
  1. Menstrual phase
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Secretory phase
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39
Q

The first menstrual cycle is called

A

menarche

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40
Q

true or false The female body releases a secondary oocyte and is prepared for a possible pregnancy every month

A

true

41
Q

Menstrual phase how much it last

A
  • Lasts approximately 5 days
42
Q

what is the hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum and enters the blood stream in the Menstrual phase

A

Progesterone

43
Q

Less LH =

A

breakdown of corpus luteum

44
Q

what does Menstrual flow contains:

A

Extra mucus secretions
The cells lining the uterus (endometrial lining)
Blood from broken down capillaries in the endometrium
The unfertilised ovum

45
Q

how much does the Proliferative phase last

A

Approximately 7 days

46
Q

where does the Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is
produced

A

in the anterior pituitary

47
Q

when does the Ovulation occurs

A

in the end of Proliferative phase

48
Q

Secretory phase lasts

A

Approximately 14 days

49
Q
  • After ovulation the secondary oocyte can only be fertilised in the next
A

12-48 hours

50
Q

Progesterone stimulates endometrium to

A

retain fluid and produce mucus

51
Q

what is the Vagina

A
  • A muscular passage leading from the cervix to the vulva
52
Q

function of Vagina

A
  • Connects the internal sex organs with those on the outside of the body
  • Serves as a passageway for menstrual blood
  • Forms part of the birth canal during labour
  • The site of penetration during intercourse
    (* During sexual activity the blood vessels in the vaginal walls fill with blood causing them to swell and become engorged)
53
Q

what is Vulva

A
  • The external organs of the female reproductive system are collectively known as the vulva
  • Include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora and clitoris
54
Q

Vulva structures

A

Mons pubis

  • Protective pad of fat over the symphysis pubis
  • Covered in hair after puberty
    #Labia majora
  • Two large folds of fatty tissue
  • Protect the entrance to the vagina and urethra
    #Labia minora
  • Two smaller folds of skin within the labia majora
  • Surround the clitoris and form a hood to protect it
    #Clitoris
  • Very small sensitive organ
  • Contains erectile tissue like the penis
  • Situated below the mons pubis
  • During sexual activity, erectile tissues fill with blood and swell
55
Q

what are The breasts

A
  • Accessory organs
  • Not directly involved in the process of reproduction
  • Develop during pregnancy ready for their function as milk-secreting glands.
  • Glands which sit on the front of the female chest
  • Size varies considerably
  • Each breast is circular and convex with a central raised nipple
  • Consist of adipose and areolar tissue supported by fascia
56
Q

what cause the breasts to grow during puberty and then activate the secretion of milk during pregnancy

A

Hormones

57
Q

what happens During pregnancy to the lobules

A

the lobules develop and produce milk

58
Q

what makes the mammary glands more sensitive to rising progesterone and estradiol levels.

A
  • Cortisol, thyroxine, and insulin
59
Q
  • Progesterone stimulates_______ and Oestrogen stimulates______
A
  • Progesterone stimulates alveoli growth.
  • Oestrogen stimulates tubule and duct growth.
60
Q

The reproductive period lasts

A

The reproductive period lasts about 35

61
Q

The average age for menopause to begin is

A

45-55

62
Q

Menopause symptoms

A

Irregular menstrual cycles
Shrunken breasts
Less Hair growth on the body
Flushes, sweats, palpitations
Atrophied sex organs
Possibly unpredictable behavior

63
Q

the 6 main stages of Pregnancy

A
  • Fertilisation
  • Post-fertilisation
    *Cell division
    *Formation of the embryo
    *Development of the foetus
  • Birth
64
Q

steps of Fertilisation

A
  • Post ovulation, the secondary oocyte enters the fallopian tube
  • It reaches the centre of the tube in around 30 minutes
  • If sperm has been deposited in the vagina within 24 hours of ovulation, there is a 3 day window in which fertilisation may occur
  • Several hundred sperm reach the fallopian tube within 5-10 minutes after ejaculation
  • Only 1 sperm is needed to fertilise the ovum
  • The sperm penetrates the ovum’s membrane and enters the ovum –
    acrosome reaction
  • Called fertilisation/conception
65
Q
  • Ovum completes the 2nd meiotic division when
A

sperm penetrates the egg

66
Q

what happens to the sperm Post fertilization

A
  • The tail of the sperm breaks down
  • Sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form zygote
67
Q

The zygote undergoes cleavage until

A

a ball of cells called the morula is formed

68
Q

After five days, the morula becomes

A

the blastocyst

69
Q

The blastocyst enters the uterus and implants

A

in the endometrium

70
Q

Implantation takes place on the______ post fertilisation

A

7th day

71
Q

Gastrulation – formation of the gastrula – 3 layers of cells are

A
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Ectoderm
72
Q
  • Embryogenesis is completed at
A

2 weeks

73
Q

Formation of the embryo

A
  • By day 24 the blastocyst has formed an amniotic cavity
  • Contains an embryo
  • The endometrium and part of the blastocyst develop into the placenta
  • Nutrients, oxygen and waste pass between the mother and baby
74
Q
  • Childbirth usually occurs in the ______ after fertilization
A

40th week after fertilization

75
Q

The embryo is known as the foetus from

A

8 weeks

76
Q

the importance of The amniotic fluid

A

The amniotic fluid protects the foetus from shocks and pressure

77
Q

what are 3 stages of labour

A
  1. Dilation: onset to complete dilation of cervix
  2. Expulsion-dilationto complete delivery
  3. Placental-powerfuluterine contractions expel placenta
78
Q

what happens in the dilation stage

A

From the beginning of contractions to the full dilation of the cervix (10cm)
Amniotic sac ruptures
Amniotic fluid ruptures lubricating the vagina

79
Q

what happens in the Expulsion stage

A

Strong uterine contractions propel the foetus down the birth canal

80
Q

what happens in the Placental stage

A

The umbilical chord is cut and the placenta is expelled through the vagina

81
Q

what is Ectopic pregnancy

A
  • A pregnancy which occurs outside the uterus
  • A fertilised ovum may develop inside the fallopian tube instead of travelling to the uterus
  • Danger of haemorrhage and death
82
Q

what is Amenorrhoea

A
  • The absence of menstruation
83
Q

causes of Amenorrhoea

A
  • Can be caused by hypersecretion of testosterone in females
  • Other causes may be hormonal imbalance, stress, radical weight loss, anaemia or excessive exercise
84
Q

what is Dysmenorrhoea

A
  • Painful menstruation, typically involving abdominal cramps.
85
Q

causes of Dysmenorrhoea

A
  • Caused by spasm or congestion of the uterus, imbalance in hormones or emotional disturbances
86
Q

what is Polycystic ovarian syndrome

A
  • A hormonal disorder that affects millions of women
87
Q

causes of Polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

Caused by hyposecretion of female sex hormones (LH)

88
Q

effect of Polycystic ovarian syndrome

A
  • Results in irregular menstrual cycles, multiple growth of follicular ovarian cysts, sometimes infertility and enlarged ovaries
  • 50% of patients are obese and become hairy
  • Age range usually 16-30
89
Q

Cervical cancer

A
  • Often has no symptoms in the early stages
  • Detected through a cervical smear test
  • Abnormal growth of cells
90
Q

Breast cancer

A
  • Signs may include a lump in the breast, change in breast shape
  • Cancerous cells in the breast
91
Q

Uterine cancer – endometrial cancer most common

A
  • Often causes abnormal vaginal bleeding
  • Cancer forms in the lining of the uterus
92
Q

Prostate cancer

A

One of the most common cancers in men
May cause no signs and symptoms in the early stages

93
Q

Chlamydia

A

A sexually transmitted disease
Caused by bacteria of the gene chlamydia
May cause genital inflammation, discharge, pelvic pain and fever

94
Q

Fibroids

A
  • A benign tumour of the uterus that is comprised of either fibrous connective tissue or muscle
95
Q

Pre-eclampsia

A
  • Abrupt hypertension, albuminuria and oedema of the hands, feet and face
  • The most common complication of pregnancy
96
Q

Endometriosis

A
  • When endometrial tissue grows on the ovaries, bowel, and tissues lining the pelvis
  • Known as an endometrial implant
  • The hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle affect the misplaced endometrial tissue, causing the area to become inflamed and painful.
  • This means the tissue will grow, thicken, and break down
  • This tissue trapped in the pelvis can cause: * irritation
  • scar formation
  • adhesions, in which tissue binds your pelvic organs together * severe pain during your periods
  • fertility problems
97
Q

Placenta previa

A

A condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix

98
Q

Uterine prolapse

A
  • Occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and weaken and no longer provide enough support for the uterus

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