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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The second messenger system of the body.

A

The Endocrine System

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2
Q

Other term for chemical messages

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Hormones control several major processes, what are they?

A

Reproduction, Growth and Development, Mobilization of body defenses, Maintenance of much of Homeostasis, Regulation of metabolism

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4
Q

Where do cells secrete hormones into?

A

Extracellular Fluid

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5
Q

What transfers hormones to target sites?

A

Blood

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6
Q

What are the acid-based hormones?

A

Proteins, Peptides, Amines

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7
Q

Steroids are made of?

A

Cholesterol

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8
Q

It is made from highly active lipids.

A

Prostaglandins

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9
Q

True or False. Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (target cells or organs)

A

True

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10
Q

True or False. Hormone binding does not influence the working of cell.

A

False

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11
Q

Hormones can alter cellular activity by __________ and __________ the rate of a normal metabolic process rather than by stimulating of a new one.

A

Increasing and Decreasing

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12
Q

What maintains the hormone levels in the blood?

A

Negative Feedback

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13
Q

A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of (more or less) hormone.

A

More

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14
Q

Will the hormone release stop if the appropriate level in the blood is reached?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What forms when hormone enters the cell and bind with the receptor?

A

Hormone-receptor complex

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16
Q

If the hormone-receptor complex binds to the DNA, what happens?

A

It triggers transcription of certain genes to mRNA.

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17
Q

True or False. Direct gene activation enables synthesis of a new protein.

A

True

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18
Q

What mechanism happens when a hormone binds to a receptor on cell’s surface, activating the G-protein?

A

Second-messenger system

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19
Q

The activated G-protein activates an enzyme that convert ATP to ___________, and is called the second messenger.

A

cAMP

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20
Q

Three stimuli of Endocrine Glands.

A

Hormonal stimuli, Humoral stimuli, Neural stimuli

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21
Q

Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones.

A

Hormonal stimuli

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22
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release.

A

Humoral stimuli

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23
Q

Capillary blood contains (low or high) concentrations of CA2+, which stimulates secretion of ____________ (PTH).

A

low, parathyroid hormone

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24
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.

A

Neural stimuli

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25
Preganglionic sympathetic fiber stimulates adrenal medulla cells to secrete ___________________ (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
catecholamines
26
Major Endocrine Glands
Pineal Gland, hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Thymus gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis
27
Compared to a size of a grape that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus.
Pituitary Gland
28
What protects the pituitary gland?
Sphenoid bone
29
Two functional lobes of pituitary gland
Anterior and Posterior
30
Composed of glandular tissue.
Anterior Pituitary
31
Composed of Nervous tissue.
Posterior pituitary
32
Anterior pituitary has _____ hormones
Six
33
From six anterior pituitary hormones, ______ affect non-endocrine targets.
Two
34
From six anterior pituitary hormones, four stimulate other endocrine glands or _________.
Tropic hormones
35
Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones.
Proteins, Act thru second-messenger system, regulated by hormonal stimuli (mostly negative feedback)
36
The general metabolic hormone
Growth Hormone
37
Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones. Causes amino acids to be built into proteins. Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy. The one being defined is __________
Growth Hormone
38
Different hormones of Anterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone, Prolactin, FSH and LH, Thyrotropic hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone
39
Stimulated and maintains milk production; its function for male remains vague.
Prolactin (PRL)
40
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
41
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
42
Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
Gonadotropic hormones
43
Stimulates follicle development in ovaries; stimulates sperm development in testes
Follicle-stimulating hormones
44
Triggers ovulation; causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
45
Stimulates testosterone production in males
LH
46
Referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
LH
47
Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor; Causes milk ejection
Oxytocin
48
Can inhibit urine production
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
49
ADH In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure or ___________.
Vasopressin
50
Hormones of the Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
51
Found at the base of the throat and is consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus.
Thyroid Gland
52
Thyroid gland produces two hormones
Thyroid hormone, Calcitonin
53
It is the major metabolic hormone
Thyroid Hormone
54
Thyroid hormone composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)
55
It is secreted by the thyroid follicles
Thyroxine (T4)
56
Conversion of T4 at target tissues
Triiodothyronine (T3)
57
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
Calcitonin
58
Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone, and is produced by C (parafollicular) cells
Calcitonin
59
Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid, which secrets PTH
Parathyroid Glands
60
Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium from bone; Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium; Raise calcium levels in the blood
Parathyroid hormone
61
Sits on top of the kidneys
Adrenal Glands
62
Two glands of Adrenal Gland
Cortex, Medulla
63
Outer glandular region in three layers
Cortex
64
Inner neural tissue region
Medulla
65
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Sex Hormones (Androgens and some Estrogen)
66
Produced in outer adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids
67
It targets the kidney, which then regulates mineral content in blood, water and electrolyte balance.
Mineralocorticoids
68
Mineralocorticoids production is stimulated by _________ and _________.
Renin, Aldosterone
69
Mineralocorticoids production is inhibited by _____________.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
70
Low blood pressure stimulates the release of _________ from kidney, which produces Angiotensin II that increases the release of _____________.
renin, aldosterone
71
If aldosterone increases, the absorption of ______ and _______ will increase and the release of K+ will increase, too.
Na+, water
72
High blood pressure stimulates the release of _______________ from the heart, to inhibit aldosterone release.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
73
During stress, ____________ is released from the anterior pituitary to increase aldosterone release.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
74
Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex; Promote normal cell metabolism; Help resist long-term stressors
Glucocorticoids
75
Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
Glucocorticoids
76
Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
Sex Hormones
77
Male: Androgens::Female:
Estrogen
78
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine)
79
These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
80
The pancreas is a mixed gland
Pancreatic Islets
81
The islets of the pancreas produce hormones:
Insulin, Glucagon
82
Allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells
Insulin
83
Allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells
Glucagon
84
Found on the third ventricle of the brain, which secretes Melatonin
Pineal Gland
85
Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles; May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated function
Melatonin
86
Located posterior to the sternum; Largest in infants and children; Produces thymosin
Thymus
87
Matures some types of white blood cells; Important in developing the immune system
Thymosin
88
Hormones of the ovaries
Estrogens, Progesterone
89
What produces Estrogen?
Graafian follicles or the placenta
90
True or False. Estrogens stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
True
91
Matures female reproductive organs; Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg; Helps maintain pregnancy; Prepares the breasts to produce milk
Estrogen
92
What produces progesterone?
Corpus luteum
93
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
Progesterone
94
Hormone of the testes that produce androgens
Interstitial cells
95
What is the most important androgen that is responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
96
Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system ; Required for sperm cell production
Testosterone
97
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs
Parts of the small intestine, Parts of the stomach, Kidneys, Heart, Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells
98
Endocrine function of the placenta
Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby Produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones
99
True or False. Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries
True
100
True or False. Growth hormone production does not decline with age
False

ANAPHY (8 decks)

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