DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Breakdown of ingested food; absorption of nutrients into the blood
A
Digestion
2
Q
Production of cellular energy (ATP); Constructive and degradative cellular activities
A
Metabolism
3
Q
Two main groups of organs of the digestive system:
A
Alimentary canal
Accessory digestive organs
4
Q
Continuous coiled hollow tube
A
Alimentary canal
5
Q
Organs of the alimentary canal:
A
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Anus
6
Q
Part of the mouth which protects the anterior opening
A
Lips (libia)
7
Q
Parts of the mouth:
A
Lips, Cheeks, Hard palate, Soft palate, Uvula, Vestibule, Oral cavity, Tongue, Tonsils
8
Q
Form the lateral walls
A
Cheeks
9
Q
Form the anterior roof
A
Hard palate
10
Q
Forms the posterior roof
A
Soft palate
11
Q
Fleshy projection of the soft palate
A
Uvula
12
Q
Space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally
A
Vestibule
13
Q
Area contained by the teeth
A
Oral cavity
14
Q
Attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum
A
Tongue
15
Q
Processes of the mouth:
A
- Mastication (chewing) of food
- Mixing masticated food with saliva
- Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
- Allowing for the sense of taste
16
Q
Pharynx anatomy:
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
17
Q
It is not part of the digestive system
A
Nasopharynx
18
Q
Posterior to oral cavity
A
Oropharynx
19
Q
Below the oropharynx and connected to esophagus
A
Laryngopharynx
20
Q
Serves as a passageway for air and food
A
Pharynx
21
Q
Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers:
A
- Longitudinal inner layer
- Circular outer layer
22
Q
Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers
A
Peristalsis
23
Q
Runs from pharynx to stomach through diaphragm; Conducts food by peristalsis; Passageway for food only
A
Esophagus
24
Q
Innermost layer; Moist membrane; Surface epithelium; Small amount of connective tissue; Small smooth muscle layer
A
Mucosa
25
Just beneath the mucosa; Sofr connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics
Submucosa
26
Smooth muscle; Inner circular layer; Outer longitudinal layer
Muscularis externa
27
Layers pf serous fluid-producing cell
Serosa
28
Visceral peritoneum
Serosa
29
Three separate networks of nerve fibres
- Submucosal nerve plexus
- Myenteric nerve plexus
- Subserous plexus
30
Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
Stomach
31
Where does the food enter to the stomach?
Cardioesophageal sphincter
32
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac region, Fundus, Body, Phylorus
33
Food in the stomach empties into the small intestine at the _____________
Pyloric sphincter
34
Internal folds of the mucosa in the stomach
Rugae
35
External regions of the stomach
Lesser curvature, Greater curvature
36
Layers of the peritoneum attached to the stomach
Lesser omentum
Greater omentum
37
Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature
Lesser omentum
38
Attaches the greater curvature to the posterior body wall
Greater omentum
39
Acts as storage tank for food; Site of food breakdown; Chemical breakdown of protein begins; Delivers chyme to the small intestine
Stomach
40
Processed food
Chyme
41
Specialized mucosa of the stomach
Mucous neck cells, Gastric glands, Chief cells, Parietal cells, Endocrine cells
42
Produce a sticky alkaline mucus
Mucous neck cells
43
Secrete gastric juice
Gastric glands
44
Produce protein-digesting enzymes
Chief cells
45
Protein-digesting enzymes
Pepsinogens
46
Produce hydrochloric acid
Parietal cells
47
Produce gastrin
Endocrine cells
48
The body's major digestive organ
Small intestine
49
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood; Muscular tube extending form the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Small intestine
50
Subdivisions of the small intestine:
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
51
Attached to the stomach; Curves around the head of the pancreas
Duodenum
52
Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
Jejunum
53
Extends from jejunum to large intestine
Ileum
54
Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa; Give the small intestine more surface area
Villi of the Small intestine
55
Small projections of the plasma membrane; found on absorptive cells
Microvilli of the Small intestine
56
Structures involved in absorption of nutrients
Absorptive cells
Blood capillaries
Lacteals
57
Called circular folds or _______ __________
Plicae circulares
58
Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine; frames the internal abdomen
Large intestine
59
Absorption of water; eliminates indigestible food form the body as feces
Large intestine
60
Does the large intestine participate in digestion of food?
No
61
What produces mucus to act as lubricant in the large intestine?
Goblet cells
62
Structures of the large intestine:
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anus
63
Saclike first part of the intestine
Cecum
64
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis); hangs from the cecum
Appendix
65
S-shaped sigmoidal, ascending, transverse, descending
Colon
66
External body opening
Anus
67
Accessory digestive organs
Salivary glands
Teeth
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
68
Saliva-producing glands
Salivary glands
69
Mixture of mucus and serous fluids; helps to form a food bolus
Saliva
70
Saliva contains ______________ to begin starch digestion
Salivary amylase
71
The role is to masticate (chew) food
Teeth
72
Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that brealdown all categories of food
Pancreas
73
Endocrine products of pancreas
Insulin, Glucagon
74
Largest gland in the body; located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm
Liver
75
Liver is connected to the gall bladder via the common __________ _____
Hepatic duct
76
Produced by cells on the liver
Bile
77
Composition of bile
Bile salts, Bile pigment, Cholesterol, Phospholipids, Electrolytes
78
Sac found in the hollow fossa of liver; Stores bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct
Gall bladder
79
Processes of the digestive system
Ingestion
Propulsion
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defacation
80
Getting food into the mouth
Ingestion
81
Moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another
Propulsion
82
Alternating waves of contraction
Peristalsis
83
Moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing
Segmentation
84
Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue; churning of food in the stomach
Mechanical digestion
85
Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks
Chemical digestion
86
End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph
Absorption
87
Food must enter _____________ and then into blood or lymph capillaries to be absorbed
Mucosal cells
88
Elimination of indigestible substances as feces
Defecation
89
Digestive activities are controlled by reflexes via the ________________
parasympathetic division
90
Digestive activities of the mouth
Mechanical breakdown, Chemical digestions
91
Breaking of starch into maltose by __________________
Salivary amylase
92
Also known as swallowing
Deglutition
93
Two phases of deglutition
Buccal phase
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
94
Occurs in the mouth; food is formed into bolus; and the bolus is forced into the pharynx by the tongue and is voluntary
Buccal phase
95
Involuntary transport of the bolus
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
96
__________, __________, _________ block mouth, nasopharynx, and larynx respectively.
Tongue, soft palate, epiglottis
97
What moves the bolus toward the stomach?
Peristalsis
98
When the food is pressed against the cardioesophageal sphincter, what happens to it?
It is opened
99
Presence of food or falling pH causes the release of
Gastrin
100
It causes the stomach to release protein-digesting enzymes
Gastrin
101
This makes the stomach contents very acidic
Hydrochloric acid
102
Why should stomach be extremely acidic?
To activate pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
Inhibits growth of microorganisms
103
An active protein digesting enzyme
Pepsin
104
Works on digesting milk protein
Rennin
105
The only absorption that occurs in the stomach is of _________ and ___________
Alcohol, aspirin
106
The pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine, which is ________ at a time
30 mL
107
The stomach empties in _________ to ________ hours
four, six
108
Carry out about half of all protein digestion
Trypsin
109
Responsible for fat digestion
Lipase
110
Digest nucleic acid
Nucleases
111
What nuetralizes acidic chyme?
Alkaline content
112
This nerve causes the release of pancreatic juice
Vagus nerve
113
Chyme entering duodenum causes the duodenal mucosal cells to release __________ and _____________
Secretin, Cholecystokinin
114
Upon reaching the pancreas, ___________________ induces secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice; secretin causes secretion of _____________________________
Bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice
115
Most substances are absorbed by _____________ through cell membrane
Active transport
116
Lipids are absorbed by _____________
Diffusion
117
The major means of moving food
Peristalsis
118
Mix chyme with digestive juices; aid in propelling food
Segmental movements
119
Are there digestive enzymes produced in large intestine?
None
120
In large intestine, what digests remaining nutrients?
Resident bacteria
121
Water and Vitamins K and B are absorbed
Large intestine
122
Slow, powerful movements; occur three to four times per day
Mass movements
123
Presence of feces in the rectum causes a ________________
Defecation reflex
124
Defecation occurs with relaxation of the _______________________________
Voluntary (external) anal sphincter
125
Mechanisms that may regulate food intake
Levels of nutrients in the blood
Hormones
Body temperature
Psychological factores
126
Amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest
Basic metabolic rate (BMR)
127
Factors that influence BMR
Surface area
Gender
Age
Amount of thyroxine
128
Does having small body means having higher BMR?
Yes
129
Is it male or female that has the higher BMR?
Male
130
Children and adolescents have a (higher or lower) BMR
higher
131
More thyroxine means (higher or lower) metabolic rate
higher
132
Total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities
Total metabolic rate (TMR)
133
The alimentary canal is continuous tube by the _____________ of development
fifth
134
The developing fetus receives all nutrients through the _______________
Placenta
135
Teething begins around age _______________
Six months
136
Middle age digestive problems
Ulcers, Gall bladder problems
137
Activity of digestive tract in old age:
Fewer digestive juices
Peristalsis slows
Diverticulosis and cancer are more common
138
